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4 protocols using β nadph

1

NADPH-diaphorase staining of intestinal nerves

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The tissue used for analysis was removed from animals and balloon-like structures were made filled with 0.1 M PBS, tying the ends with thread. After brief fixation by immersion in 4% paraformaldehyde for 5 min and rinsing in 0.1 M PBS, the tissue samples were incubated for approximately 15–30 min in NADPH-diaphorase solution containing 0.1% β-NADPH (Oriental Yeast, Tokyo, Japan), 0.025% nitro blue tetrazolium (Wako) and 0.05% Triton-X in 0.01 M phosphate buffer (PB) in a 37 °C water bath. When staining for nerve elements was detected, reactions were stopped by removing samples from the solution. After complete fixation with 4% paraformaldehyde, the intestine was cut along mesenchymal sheets and the mucosa and circular muscle layers were peeled off under a dissection microscope. The whole-mount stretch preparations were covered with slide glasses. The specimens were observed under a light microscope (BX23; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).
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2

Aldose Reductase Inhibition Activity Assessment

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All crude drugs and the Glycyrrhizae Radix preparata used in this study were purchased from Tochimoto Tenkaido Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Aldose reductase (EC1.1.1.21, 1-316aa, human, recombinant, E coli) was purchased from ATGen Co., Ltd. (Korea). D,L-glyceraldehyde and dimethyl sulfoxide (special grade) were purchased from Wako Pure Chemicals Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan), and β-NADPH was purchased from Oriental Yeast Co. (Tokyo, Japan). Epalrestat was synthesized by Dr. Ryota Saito (Faculty of Science, Toho University).
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3

Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Activity Assay

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Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), Dilauroyl‐ phosphatidylcholine, and RN‐1747 were purchased from Wako Pure Chemicals (Osaka, Japan). Fetal calf serum (FCS), penicillin‐ streptomycin solution, ketoconazole, and arachidonic acid sodium salt were purchased from Sigma Chemical (St. Louis, MO). 5,6‐, 8,9‐, 11,12‐, and 14,15‐EET, 5‐, 8‐, 9‐, 11‐, 12‐, 15‐, 16‐, 17‐, 18‐, 19‐, and 20‐HETE, and capsazepine were purchased from Cayman Chemical Co. (Ann Arbor, MI). Antibodies against CYP2C11, 2C23, 2E1, 4A2, sEH, NADPH‐cytochrome P450 reductase, and β‐actin were prepared as described previously.16, 17, 18 β‐NADPH was purchased from Oriental Yeast Co. LTD (Tokyo, Japan), horse serum was from Equitech‐Bio (Kerrville, TX), and nerve growth factor (NGF) was form Alomone Labs (Jerusalem, Israel). HC067047 and Fura‐2 AM were from Abcam plc (Cambridge, UK). Fluo‐4AM was from AAT Bioquest (Sunnyvale, CA).
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4

Midazolam Metabolism Pathway Analysis

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MDZ was purchased from Sandoz (Tokyo, Japan) as a commercially available injectable solution in a sterilized isotonic buffer (pH 2.8-3.8). It was used without further purification (Hori et al., 2018; (link)Kajikawa et al., 2014) . Two MDZ metabolites, 4-Hydroxy MDZ (4-OH MDZ) and 1'-hydroxy MDZ (1'-OH MDZ), were obtained from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA, USA) and Cerilliant (Round Rock, TX, USA), respectively. Dexamethasone was from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). β-NADPH was from Oriental Yeast (Tokyo, Japan). Glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide were purchased from Wako Pure Chemicals (Osaka, Japan). Purified rabbit polyclonal antibody to rat CYP3A23/3A1 (P/N: AB1253) and that to rat CYP3A2 (P/N: AB1276) were from Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA) (Kusaba et al., 2012) (link). The primer pairs for performing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Oligo(dT)20 primer for reverse transcription (RT) were obtained via a custom primer synthesis service of Invitrogen/Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). The sequences of the primer pairs are shown in Table 1. RNase inhibitor was obtained from Nacalai Tesque (Kyoto, Japan). All other chemicals were of the finest grade available from local distributers.
[Table 1] -8-
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