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We used a photoactivatable autocamtide inhibitory peptide 2 (paAIP2) (Murakoshi et al., 2017 (link)) to inhibit CaMKII for the entire duration of the visuomotor exposure in the virtual reality environment. We directed a blue laser (OBIS 473 nm LX 75 mW, Coherent) onto V1 in both hemispheres using a galvo-galvo system and (GVSM002-EC/M, Thorlabs). Beam diameter on the cortical surface was 3 mm (FWHM). Light was triggered at 0.2 Hz with a duty cycle of 20% (1 s on, 4 s off). During illumination periods, we alternated between the two hemispheres at 50 Hz. Peak laser power was 20 mW, which resulted in a time-averaged power density at the cortical surface of 0.28 mW/mm². To measure the laser attenuation through tissue (Figure 6—figure supplement 1A), we prepared slices of fresh brain tissue of 100 µm, 200 µm, 300 µm, 400 µm, and 500 µm thickness. We then illuminated slices with the blue laser used for optogenetic inhibition of CaMKII set to 20 mW power and measured the fraction of power transmitted through each slice using a power meter (PM100D, Thorlabs).

Here a spectral‐domain OCT system was used as the 3D imaging platform for the placenta villi's three‐dimensional morphological revealing, as Figure 2 shows. The spectral‐domain OCT setup used a superluminescent diode‐based broadband light source (cBLMD‐T‐850‐HP, Superlum) with a center wavelength of 855 nm and a 160 nm bandwidth, a 2048‐pixel spectrometer (Cobra‐S 800, Wasatch Photonics), a 2‐axis scanning galvanometer scanner (GVSM002‐EC/M, Thorlabs), a 2 × 2 850‐nm wideband fiber optic coupler (TW850R5A2, Thorlabs), two identical collimators (TC25APC‐850, Thorlabs), and two polarization controllers (FPC030, Thorlabs), one for the sample arm and one for the reference arm. 4× objective (Olympus) lens was configured when imaging samples. The axial and transverse optical resolutions were ~2.3 μm in air and ~6.9 μm, respectively. The OCT imaging exposure time 𝑡_𝑒 used was 25.0 μs, and both the A‐scan number per B‐scan and B‐scan number used were 800. The light power on the sample was ~8.9 mW and the sensitivity of the OCT system was ~102 dB. The maximum imaging depth into the villi was ~1.7 mm.