Bio-Rad protein assay kit was purchased from Bio-Rad; sodium pyruvate, malic acid, succinic acid, ascorbic acid, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD), palmitoyl-L-carnitine, rotenone, antimycin A, oligomycin, coenzyme A trilithium salt (CoA-SH), acetyl-CoA, oxaloacetic acid, thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), 5,5-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP), carbonyl cyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (CCCP), phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), ADP, ATP, NAD+, NADH, NADPH, KCN, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c, and decylubiquinone were from Sigma; KO was a generous gift of Aker BioMarine ASA (Oslo, Norway). Antibodies against AAC and UCP2 were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (sc-11433 and sc-6526); antibodies against OXPHOS proteins were from Mitosciences (ab110413). Kits for the assay of triglycerides and total cholesterol were purchased from Futura System. Plasma insulin concentration was analyzed with a Mercodia Ultrasensitive Mouse Insulin kit. Luciferase ATP assay kit was from Sigma and Lipid Hydroperoxide (LPO) assay kit was from Merck. All other reagents were of analytical grade.
Palmitoyl l carnitine
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Palmitoyl-L-carnitine is a laboratory product used for research purposes. It is a synthetic compound that combines palmitic acid and L-carnitine. This product can be utilized in various experimental studies, but a detailed description of its core function is not available without the risk of making unsubstantiated claims.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Cytochrome c, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Percoll, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
L carnitine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Rotenone, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Oxaloacetic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Thiamine pyrophosphate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Adenosine diphosphate (adp), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Pyruvate kinase, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Lactate dehydrogenase, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Acetyl coa, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Protein assay kit, by Bio-Rad (1 mentions)
Adenosine triphosphate (atp), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Oligomycin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Antimycin a, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Nadph, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ascorbic acid, by Bio-Rad (1 mentions)
Decylubiquinone, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ultrasensitive mouse insulin kit, by Mercodia (1 mentions)
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Eurobio Scientific (1 mentions)
2 14c acetic acid, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
6 protocols using palmitoyl l carnitine
1
Biochemical Assay Protocol Compendium
2
Comprehensive Reagents and Protocols for Cellular Metabolism Studies
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AMIO hydrochloride (reference A8423), ALLO (A8003), DPEN (P4875), 5FU (F6627), INDI (Y0000788), INDO (I7378), METHI (M8506), METHO hydrate (M8407), NIF (N7634), RIF (R3501), SUL (S8139), (+)-etomoxir sodium salt hydrate (E1905), and thapsigargin (T9033) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, France). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), digitonin, oleic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoyl-CoA, palmitoyl-l -carnitine, octanoyl-l -carnitine, malate (disodium salt), glutamate (monosodium salt), acetic acid, insulin, l -carnitine, fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin (BSA), and Percoll were also bought from Sigma Aldrich. William’s E medium, Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) Gibco™, glutamine, penicillin, streptomycin, formaldehyde, Nile red, and Hoechst 33342 dyes were obtained from Thermo Fischer Scientific (Waltham, MA). TRO (A11981) and lomitapide (A12778) were purchased from Adooq BioScience (Irvine, CA). Tunicamycin (10-2111) and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA; 10-2782) were purchased from Focus Biomolecules (Plymouth Meeting, PA). Radiolabeled [U-14C]palmitic acid and [2-14C]acetic acid, and sodium salt were purchased from PerkinElmer (Waltham, MA). Hydrocortisone hemisuccinate was obtained from SERB Laboratories (Paris, France). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Eurobio (Les Ulis, France) and GE Healthcare (Little Chalfont, UK).
3
Dictyostelium-Derived Compound Screening
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The compounds screened in this study are listed in Fig. 1A ; all were derived from Dictyostelium cellular slime molds. These compounds were synthesized and purified as described [8 (link),9 (link),20 (link)–24 (link)], and the structures and purities were confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and high resolution MS. The purities of all compounds were greater than 98%. Oligomycin A, palmitoyl-L-carnitine, and fat-free bovine serum albumin (BSA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
4
Peroxisomal Fatty Acid Oxidation Assay
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Palmitoyl-L-carnitine, malonate, L-carnitine, acyl-CoAs (C12:0), coenzyme A sodium salt, Percoll, cytochrome c, 5,5-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), and defatted bovine serum albumin (BSA) were purchased from Sigma (St Louis, MO., USA). Clofibrate (CFB), 10,12-tricosadiynoic acid (TDYA), 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP), dodecanedioic acid (DCA12), and dodecanoic acid (C12) were from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). The mono-CoA thioesters of dodecanedioic acid (DC12-CoA) and dodecanoic acid (C12-CoA) were enzymatically prepared by a microsomal acyl-CoA synthetase and purified by high-performance liquid chromatography as previously described (65 (link), 66 (link)). TDYA-CoA as an irreversible inhibitor for peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase-1 (ACOX) was prepared according to the method of Li et al. (67 , 68 (link)). All other chemical reagents used were of analytical grade or better.
5
APC Proliferation with Carnitines
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For proliferation experiments, equal numbers of WT or MDX APCs from a single mouse were plated in several wells of a 96 well plate. The cells were plated with growth media: DMEM containing 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), 1% penicillin-streptomycin (10,000 U/mL), and 0.01 µg/mL FGF2. Growth media was replaced every three days. To observe proliferation of WT APCs with and without carnitines, cells were first plated in growth media. After three days cells were change to growth media with vehicle control or growth media with a carnitine (propionyl-l -carnitine, butyryl-l -carnitine, octanoyl-l -carnitine, palmitoyl-l -carnitine, or stearoyl-l -carnitine from Sigma-Aldrich; St. Louis, MO, USA). Every three days thereafter the media was replaced. To measure proliferation, four images from each well were captured every four hours with an IncuCyte ZOOM (Essen Biosciences, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). The average confluence (cell occupying area) of all replicates was calculated and plotted over time using the IncuCyte ZOOM 2016B.
6
Palmitic Acid and Palmitoyl-L-Carnitine Differentiation
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palmitic acid and palmitoyl‐L‐carnitine were used at a concentration that has been reported to induce differentiation of ES cells (Yanes et al, 2010 ). Briefly, ES cells were cultured in MEF medium supplemented with 8 μM each of palmitic acid (cat. no. P5585; Sigma) and palmitoyl‐L‐carnitine (cat. no. 61251 Sigma) at 37°C (Eppendorf, New Brunswick Galaxy 170R) for 3 days to form EBs. The EBs (at day 0) were plated onto 0.1% gelatin‐coated tissue culture dishes to initiate in vitro differentiation by incubating for another 3 days in MEF medium supplemented with 8 μM each of palmitic acid and palmitoyl‐L‐carnitine at 37°C (Eppendorf, New Brunswick Galaxy 170R).
Planarians were injected with freshly prepared BSA‐conjugated palmitic acid (PA) and palmitoyl‐L‐carnitine (PC; 750 μM, five pulse of 32 nl each per worm) 3 h prior to every RNAi treatment.
Planarians were injected with freshly prepared BSA‐conjugated palmitic acid (PA) and palmitoyl‐L‐carnitine (PC; 750 μM, five pulse of 32 nl each per worm) 3 h prior to every RNAi treatment.
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