The antimicrobial activities of the tested substances were carried out on fifteen bacteria made up of two strains of Gram positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25922) and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 10541), nine strains of Gram negative bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA01), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), Escherichia coli (ATCC 10536), Escherichia coli (ATCC 11775), Enterobacter aerogenes (ATCC 13048), Klepsiella pneumoniae (ATCC13883), Providencia stuartii (ATCC 29916), Salmonella typhi (ATCC 6539) and four clinical isolates of gram negative bacteria: Salmonella parathyphi A, Salmonella paratyphi B, Shigella flexneri and Proteus mirabilis.The references strains ATCC and the clinical isolates were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD, USA) and the Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology of the “Centre Pasteur” of Yaoundé-Cameroon respectively. These microorganisms were maintained on agar slant in refrigerator at 4 °C.
Escherichia coli
Manufactured by American Type Culture Collection
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Escherichia coli is a bacterium that is commonly used in laboratory settings. It serves as a model organism for microbiology and molecular biology research. Escherichia coli can be cultivated and studied to understand fundamental cellular processes and mechanisms.
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Lab products found in correlation
Staphylococcus aureus, by American Type Culture Collection (266 mentions)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, by American Type Culture Collection (210 mentions)
Enterococcus faecalis, by American Type Culture Collection (102 mentions)
Candida albicans, by American Type Culture Collection (93 mentions)
Klebsiella pneumoniae, by American Type Culture Collection (92 mentions)
Bacillus subtilis, by American Type Culture Collection (73 mentions)
Bacillus cereus, by American Type Culture Collection (66 mentions)
Staphylococcus epidermidis, by American Type Culture Collection (66 mentions)
Listeria monocytogenes, by American Type Culture Collection (39 mentions)
Proteus mirabilis, by American Type Culture Collection (36 mentions)
Salmonella typhimurium, by American Type Culture Collection (32 mentions)
Micrococcus luteus, by American Type Culture Collection (31 mentions)
Streptococcus pyogenes, by American Type Culture Collection (27 mentions)
Acinetobacter baumannii, by American Type Culture Collection (25 mentions)
Enterobacter aerogenes, by American Type Culture Collection (22 mentions)
Klebsiella pneumonia, by American Type Culture Collection (18 mentions)
Aspergillus niger, by American Type Culture Collection (17 mentions)
Enterobacter cloacae, by American Type Culture Collection (15 mentions)
Streptococcus pneumoniae, by American Type Culture Collection (14 mentions)
S aureus, by American Type Culture Collection (14 mentions)
416 protocols using escherichia coli
1
Antimicrobial Activities of Tested Substances
2
Antimicrobial Effects of X. hypoxylon
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A wide range of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and yeasts were selected to test the antimicrobial effect of X. hypoxylon. These strains are Bacillus subtilis DSMZ 1971, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Candida albicans DSMZ 1386, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048, Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Escherichia coli CFAI, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria innocula, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSMZ 50071, Pseudomonas fluorescence P1, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13075, Salmonella infantis, Salmonella kentucky, Salmonella typhimurium SL 1344, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcuscarnosus MC1.B, Staphylococcusepidermidis DSMZ 20044 and Streptococcusagalactiae DSMZ 6784. The strains were chosen from standard strains as much as possible. Other strains which are not standard were all isolated from food and identified in Ankara University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology.
3
Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling of Clinical Isolates
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Microbial strains, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Shigella flexneri (ATCC12022), Salmonella enterica (ATCC 33458), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), and Enterobacter aerogenes (ATCC 13048), Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus, were collected from Medical Microbiology Laboratory, University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, Oyo State, and Ondo State Specialist Hospital, Akure, Ondo State. The clinical isolates have prior history of resistance to some commercial antibiotics. The resistance pattern of MRSA used in the study was interpreted according to the criteria of [8 ]. The organisms were maintained on agar slant at 4°C and biochemically confirmed to ascertain their purity.
4
Microbial Strain Collection for Research
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Bacterial strains (Bifidobacterium adolescentis Ni,29c (clinical isolate), Bifidobacterium breve (from probiotic VSL#3) and Streptococcous salivarius ssp. thermophiles DSM 20617 were obtained from Ardeypharm (Germany). Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Escherichia coli K12, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 as well as antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were provided by the Department for Laboratory Medicine at Robert-Bosch-Hospital Stuttgart, Germany. Candida albicans SC5314 was obtained from Salomé LeibundGut-Landmann (Institute of Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Switzerland).
5
Antimicrobial Evaluation of Synthesized Compounds
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The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized compounds was assessed against 11 microbial strains: 5 Gram-negative, Escherichia coli American Type Culture Collection (ATTC) 25922, Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (wild-type strain isolated from clinical sample), Acinetobacter baumannii (wild-type strain isolated from clinical sample), and 6 Gram-positive, Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Staphylococcus aureus MSSA (ATCC 25923), Staphylococcus aureus MRSA (ATCC 43300), Staphylococcus aureus MLSB of inducible phenotype with resistance to macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin B antibiotics (wild-type strain isolated from clinical sample), Micrococcus luteus Polish Collection of Microorganisms (PCM) 1944, Streptococcus mutans (wild-type strain isolated from dental plaque). Bacterial strains were cultivated in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI, Oxoid) medium at 37 °C for 24 h. After incubation, microbial suspension was diluted with sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) to 108 CFU/mL (turbidity = McFarland barium sulfate standard 0.5).
6
Antimicrobial Activity of INH-Mg/Al LDH Nanocomposites
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The synthesized INH-Mg/Al LDH nanocomposites were tested for their antimicrobial activity against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli bacteria, as well as Candida albicans using the plate colony counting method; the percentage of inhibition was calculated as described previously.33 (link) The microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 43300), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and Candida albicans (ATCC 20408) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, VA, USA).
7
Antibacterial and Antifungal Evaluation
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The antibacterial activity of compounds was tested against a series of Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 4163, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538,Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Enterococcus hirae ATCC 10541, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 10240 and Gram-negative rods: Escherichia coli ATCC 10538, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Escherichia coli NCTC 8196, Proteus vulgaris NCTC 4635, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 6749, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Bordetella bronchiseptica ATCC 4617. Antifungal activity was tested against yeasts: Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Candida albicans ATCC 90028, Candida parapsilosis ATCC 220191. Microorganisms used in this study were obtained from the collection of the Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.
8
Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation Protocol
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For the determination of antimicrobial activity, the fish pathogenic strains, Yersinia ruckeri, Lactococcus garvieae, Vibrio anguillarum (M1 and A4 strains, obtained from different companies), and Vibrio alginolyticus were used. In addition, for the determination of antimicrobial activity on clinical and food-borne pathogenic microorganisms, Yersinia enterocolitica NCTC 11175, Staphylococcusaureus ATCC 25923, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644, Micrococcus luteus NRRL B-4375, Bacillus cereus RSKK 863, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Escherichia coli ATCC 11229, Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Shigella sonnei Mu:57, Bacillus subtilis RSKK 244, Salmonella enteritidis RSKK 171, and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 strains were used. Nutrient agar (NA) and Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) were used for the growth of bacteria, and YPD medium was used for the growth of yeast. Fish pathogenic bacteria were incubated at 25 °C and other bacterial cultures were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. Yeast cultures were incubated at 30 °C for 48 h.
9
Antimicrobial Efficacy of PAS Nanocomposites
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The synthesized PAS nanocomposites were tested for their antimicrobial activity against different microorganisms, including Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria, Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) bacteria, and Candida albicans using the plate colony counting method.30 (link) The microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 43300), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and Candida albicans (ATCC 20408) were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, VA, USA.
10
Antibacterial Activity Against Clinical Isolates
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Antibacterial activity was tested against three reference strains, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Acinetobacter baumannii AYE (ATCC BAA-1710), as well as three clinical isolates, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0704C0134 resistant to piperacillin/tazobactam, ticarcillin, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin), an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) Escherichia coli (9007550201) and Acinetobacter baumannii RCH, that were obtained from the University Hospital of Angers (France).
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