Jsm 6360la

Measuring the average density and identifying the chemical structure of each granite type is essential in the present study in order to determine the mass attenuation coefficients of examined samples; the density can be measured directly by determining the sample volume and mass accurately due to sampling solidity and shape uniformity. The chemical compositions were determined by using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis by using the energy-dispersive spectrometer of the scanning electron microscope unit at Alexandria University in Egypt, Model JEOL-JSM-6360LA. Three regions of the sample were scanned, and the average composition was calculated so that the chemical composition of each granite sort can be determined accurately. The trace elements were neglected, and the estimated averages of the chemical compositions of different types of granites are given in Table 1.

The model fungus used in this study was B. cinerea, a causative agent of gray mold. The fungus was isolated from blighted fruits of strawberry (Fragaria virginiana, var. Fortuna) collected from open fields in the Menoufia government (30°18′ 02″ N latitude 31° 00′ 30″ E longitude) during March 2021. The collected samples were kept at 25 °C and 90% relative humidity for 4 days in a glass box to facilitate fungal sporulation. The purified culture was obtained by a single-spore technique on PDA medium, purified, and then stored (4 °C) until further use. Primary morphological identification was carried out with the aid of the Miclea et al.¹⁷ method. One pathogenic isolate of B. cinerea SIB-1 was selected based on the pathogenicity test. The most severe isolate was selected, and further confirmational identification methods were used. The morphology of the Botrytis cinerea SIB-1 was examined on potato dextrose agar plates after 7 days at 30 °C. The gold-coated dehydrated specimen was examined at different magnifications with Analytical Scanning Electron Microscope Jeol JSM-6360 LA operating at 15 kV at the Central Laboratory, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt. Then, molecular identification was applied.

The determination of film morphology refers to Febriati [31 ] using a Scanning Electron Microscope (JEOL JSM-6360LA, JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The film sample was cut to 2 cm × 2 cm, affixed to the set holder, and then coated with gold metal. The sample was then observed on topographical images with several magnifications.

For assessment the identity, morphology, microstructure and chemical constituents of precipitated samples, XRD, SEM and EDS were utilized. XRD was carried out to identify the precipitated minerals by Bruker MeaSrv (D2-208219) diffractometer (Central lab, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University) with Cu Kα tube anode, applying 30KV/30 mA. Scans were run from 0° to 100° 2θ at a scanning speed of 2°/min. However, SEM (JEOL JSM 6360LA, Japan – Advanced Technologies and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), SRTA-City) was used to visualize the morphology of crystals. The elemental composition of the crystals was analyzed with energy dispersive spectrometer SEM (JEOL JSM 6360LA, Japan–Advanced Technologies and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI) SRTA-City and JSM-5300, JEOL Japan, Electron microscope unit-Alexandria University) at an operating voltage of 20 kV^{94 (link)}.

Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) analysis was conducted using a spectrometer ALFA FTIR (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) with a range of 400–4000 cm⁻¹. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area and total pore volume were measured using Barret–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) adsorption methods. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) JSM 6360LA (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) was also used to study the morphological structure.
To investigate the stability of the membrane, pieces with size of 6 mm were immersed in 100 mL of deionized water at 35 °C for 24 h. The swelling coefficient S was calculated as follows: $$\mathrm{S}(\%)=\frac{{\mathrm{W}}_{\mathrm{w}}-{\mathrm{W}}_{\mathrm{d}}}{{\mathrm{W}}_{\mathrm{d}}}\times 10$$
where W_w and W_d were the masses of the swollen and dry PVA/IC /PANI/GO nanofiber composite membrane, respectively.
A contact-angle analyzer (Rame-Hart Instrument Co., Succasunna, NJ, USA, model 500-FI) was employed to determine the nanofiber composite membrane’s hydrophilicity by measuring the contact angle between a water drop and the membrane surface.
To determine the point of zero charge (pH_pzc), 10 mg of nanofiber composite membrane was sonicated for 10 min in 10 mL solutions with pH values ranging from 3 to 9, then, shaken gently for 24 h. The final pH values of each solution were recorded, and the pH_PZC values were calculated.

Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) detected the functional groups attached to the LCF surface (Shimadzu FTIR–8400 S, Kyoto, Japan). Raman spectra were recorded using (SENTERRA spectrometer, Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany) with a 532 nm Ar laser. The LCF surface features and characteristic morphology were inspected by scanning electron microscopy using (SEM, JEOL Model JSM6360 LA, Tokyo, Japan) at room temperature with accelerating voltage 15 kV. The SEM device is equipped with an EDX detector to identify and map the synthesized LCF’s basic element structure. Magnetic characteristics of LCF were scrutinized by a vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM, LakeShore-7410, Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc., Westerville, OH, USA) with sensitivity up to 1 μ emu and a strong magnetic field up to ±20 ko_e to fully saturate the sample uniformly across the sample space.