Agar agar powder

Graphite powder (G), potassium permanganate (KMnO₄), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), potassium bromide (KBr), hoechst 333242 (HS), glutaraldehyde 50%, sodium borohydride (NaBH₄), 1% osmic acid, 2’,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), propidium iodide (PI), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and silver nitrate (AgNO₃) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄, 98%) was purchased from Lab Alley, Austin, Texas, USA. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO₃) were purchased from Showa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Honshu, Japan. Luria-Bertani (LB) broth, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and agar-agar powder were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. E. coli (DH5α) was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Taipei City, Taiwan.

S. Aureus (BCRC 10781) and E. coli (DH5α) were obtained from the Bioresource Collection and Research Center in Hsinchu, Taiwan. Luria–Bertani (LB) broth, agar–agar powder and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

MCM-41, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), succinic anhydride, anhydrous toluene, agar-agar powder and N-vinyl caprolactam (nVCL) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). The 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (AMVN) and hydroquinone were purchased from TCI Europe (Zwijndrecht, Belgium). Ethanol, disodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate were all purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Deionized water was obtained by ion exchange.