UAE was also carried out by the formerly optimized method with minor modifications [19 (link)]. Briefly, samples (10.0 g) were extracted by 100.0 mL of 80% (v/v) ethanol to remove small molecules. Next, PPPs were obtained with 300.0 mL of deionized water by using an ultrasonic homogenizer (JY92-IIN, Ningbo Scientz Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Ningbo, China) at 450 W and room temperature for 12 min. Lastly, after the same treatments as mentioned in Section 2.2.1 , the PPP-U extracted by UAE was obtained.
Jy92 iin
Manufactured by Ningbo Scientz Biotechnology
Sourced in China
The JY92-IIN is a laboratory centrifuge designed for general-purpose sample separation and concentration. It features a maximum speed of 6,000 RPM and a maximum RCF (Relative Centrifugal Force) of 4,150 x g. The centrifuge can accommodate a variety of sample sizes and tube types, making it suitable for a wide range of applications in research and clinical laboratories.
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Lab products found in correlation
Direct q 5uv, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Bca protein assay kit, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (6 mentions)
2 d quant kit, by GE Healthcare (3 mentions)
Bca protein assay kit, by Beyotime (3 mentions)
Ethacrynic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Cp100nx, by Hitachi (3 mentions)
Uv 2550, by Shimadzu (3 mentions)
Trypsin, by Promega (2 mentions)
Bca kit, by Beyotime (2 mentions)
Nanodrop 2000c, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Phosphate buffered saline (pbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Agilent 5100, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
H 7650, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
Bioflo 110, by Eppendorf (1 mentions)
Sylgard 184, by Dow (1 mentions)
Fd 81, by Eyela (1 mentions)
Protease inhibitor, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Phosphatase inhibitor, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Bca kit, by Boster Bio (1 mentions)
Ufc801096, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
54 protocols using jy92 iin
1
Extracting Polysaccharide-Protein Complexes
2
Nitrogen Conversion Pathway Analysis of Aerobic Denitrifying Bacteria
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Nitrogen balance analysis was used to investigate the nitrogen conversion pathway by the aerobic denitrifying bacteria HRL-9. The total removal rate of the nitrogen by strain HRL-9 was then determined. The culture collected by the centrifuge tube was placed in an ice box, to ensure the temperature did not rise during sonication, and was then disrupted by an ultrasonic cell crusher (JY92-IIN, Ningbo Scientz Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Ningbo, China). Samples were sonicated to ensure the final TN contains intracellular TN. The ultrasonication process was as follows: the ultrasonic worked in one cycle consisting of a 4 s pulse and a 6 s pause. Each sample underwent 90 cycles of sonication using a 6 mm ultrasonic probe. The bacterial solution obtained by ultrasonication was centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 10 min. Supernatants were filtered using 0.22 μm membrane filters, and the filtrates were used to detect the contents of the final soluble TN, NO3−-N, NO2−-N, and NH4+-N. The data calculation methods are as follows:
3
Antioxidant Response to IPL Treatment
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The malondialdehyde (MDA) content was measured to evaluate the degree of lipid peroxidation. In addition, the activities of intracellular antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were determined to assess the body’s antioxidant levels. Three tests were used from a commercially available assay kit made by the Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute. After IPL treatment, the suspensions of T. rubrum were harvested and homogenized in an ultrasonic disintegrator (JY92-IIN, Ningbo Scientz Biotechnology, Ningbo, China) in ice-cold PBS. The suspension was centrifuged to obtain the supernatant used to determine the MDA content by the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method, the SOD activity by the WST-1 method and the GSH-Px activity by a colorimetric method according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The results of the above assays were combined with protein concentrations determined using a BCA protein assay kit (Beyotime Biotechnology, Haimen, China).
4
Synthesis and Characterization of PNA Nanogel Emulsions
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PNA nanogels were synthesized using N-isopropylacrylamide and acrylic acid at a ratio of 10:1 with emulsion polymerization described before (Supporting information).21 (link) The aqueous phases of the nanogels (10 mg·mL−1) were obtained by dissolving freeze-dried PNA nanogels into water. The crude emulsion was prepared after shearing the mixture the aqueous phase and organic phase (Chloroform) at 13,000 rpm for 10 mins (Fluko FA25 homogenizer). The PEs were further obtained by ultra-sonicating the preliminary emulsion (400 W, 2:2, 4 mins) using an ultrasonic cell disruptor (JY92-IIN, Ningbo Scientz Biotechnology Co., Ltd., China) in an ice-water bath. The 5-aminofluorescein-labeled PNA nanogels (Supporting information) used to validate the location of nanogels in O/W emulsion surface. Using the same method, red fluorescent material (DOX) was encapsulated into the PEs.
5
Ultrasonic and Chemical Modification of Dextran Oligosaccharides
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The ultrasonic treatment of DOP was performed according to Striegel et al. with slight modifications (17 (link)). About 30 ml DOP solution (10 mg/ml) was prepared at room temperature under constant stirring. Ultrasonic treatment was then performed by an ultrasonic homogenizer (JY92-IIN, Ningbo Scientz Biotechnology Corporation, China) under controlled conditions (500 W, 40°C, on for 2 s, off for 1 s) for 60, 200, and 720 min, respectively. The samples were then ethanol precipitated (1:3 ratio, v/v) to obtain the modified DOPs, which were termed as US-60, US-200, and US-720, respectively.
De-acetylation of DOP was carried out according to Tamaki with slight modifications (18 (link)). Briefly, DOP (50 mg) was completely dissolved in distilled water (20 ml). After adding an equal volume of 0.2 M Na2CO3 solution, the suspension was then reacted at 25°C for 3, 5, and 25 min separately with continuous mixing. The mixture was quickly adjusted to pH 4.5 with 1 M HCl, dialyzed against distilled water, and then freeze-dried. These samples obtained were depicted as DA-3, DA-5, and DA-25, respectively.
De-acetylation of DOP was carried out according to Tamaki with slight modifications (18 (link)). Briefly, DOP (50 mg) was completely dissolved in distilled water (20 ml). After adding an equal volume of 0.2 M Na2CO3 solution, the suspension was then reacted at 25°C for 3, 5, and 25 min separately with continuous mixing. The mixture was quickly adjusted to pH 4.5 with 1 M HCl, dialyzed against distilled water, and then freeze-dried. These samples obtained were depicted as DA-3, DA-5, and DA-25, respectively.
6
Sonication Treatment of QPI Dispersions
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Sample preparations for the sonication treatment are the same as described in the section 2.3. QPI dispersions (10 mL each) were transferred to 20 mL glass vials and sonicated for 5 and 15 min, respectively in a 30 s on/30 s off mode using a 20 kHz ultrasonicator equipped with a 6 mm horn with a dial power of 950 W (JY92-IIN, Ningbo Scientz Biotechnology Co., ltd, China). The actual sonication power was determined as 14.4 W using a calorimetric method by determining the increase in temperature of sonicated water with time [16] . To prevent overheating, glass vials containing samples were kept in a water–ice bath throughout the sonication treatment to maintain the temperature below 35 °C. All QPI samples were made in duplicates.
7
Ultrasound-assisted pH Modulation of Milk Proteins
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The ultrasound-assisted pH-shifting treatment was applied in milk protein solutions following the method described by Jiang et al. [16] (link) with some modifications. MPC, MCC and WPI powders were dispersed in Mill-Q water (Direct-Q® 5 UV, Millipore S.A.S, Massachusetts, USA) respectively and stirred overnight to obtain a solution with a concentration of 30 mg/mL. Then, pH of solutions was adjusted up to 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0, 12.0 (±0.02) with the addition of 2 M NaOH and kept for 30 min under agitation to allow the unfolding of the protein molecules. After that, solutions were sonicated at 20 kHz and 300 W for 5 min (pulse on-time 2 s and off-time 3 s) on an ultrasound equipment (JY92-IIN, Ningbo Scientz Biotechnology Co., Ltd) fitted with a 12 mm horn. Ultrasonication is carried out in a circulating water bath at 30 °C. Subsequently, the pH of solutions was adjusted to 7.0 (±0.02) using 1 mol/L HCl and kept at room temperature for 1 h. Native samples of MPC, MCC and WPI without treatment were at pH 7.06 ± 0.01, 7.17 ± 0.02, 6.28 ± 0.02 respectively, and served as the control of our study. All samples are stored at 4 ℃ for analysis.
8
Extraction of Crude Polysaccharides via UMAE
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UMAE was carried out using our reported method [8 (link)]. Briefly, the residues (2.0 g) were extracted once with deionized water (1: 42, w/v) by ultrasonic homogenizer (650 W, JY92-IIN, Ningbo Scientz Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Ningbo, China) for 21 min at the ultrasonic amplitude of 68% and at room temperature (25 ± 1 °C). Then, the extraction solution was further extracted once by MAE, which was described in Section 2.2.3 . Finally, the ultrasound-microwave-extracted crude polysaccharides were obtained and termed STP-U.
9
Glutathione S-Transferase Activity Assay
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After AgNPs-, AuNPs- or Ag+-treatment, cells were washed with PBS for 3 times, and harvested by centrifugation at 1000 rpm. Then, cell pellets were resuspended in cold buffer of a Glutathione S- transferase Assay Kit (Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) and treated with a ultrasonic homogenizer (JY92-IIN, Ningbo Scientz Biotechnology Co.,Ltd. China) for 3 min in ice bath. After centrifugation at 12,000 g for 10 min at 4 °C, the supernatant was used for enzyme activity measurement according to the manufacturer’s instructions. For GST activity inhibition, ethacrynic acid (≥97%, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide as the stock solution of 10 mg/mL. A commercial GST purified from equine liver (≥ 25 units/mg protein, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) was dissolved in PBS as the stock solution of 5 mg/mL.
10
Ultrasonically Extracted Insoluble Dietary Fiber
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The obtained IDF was modified following a method with slight modifications [8 (link)]. The RIDF was dispersed in deionized water (1:20, w/v) and subjected to treatment using an ultrasonic disruptor (JY92-IIN, Ningbo Scientz. Biotechnology Co., Ningbo, China) for 30 min with intermittent ultrasonication (2 s on, 3 s off) at a power of 360 W. Subsequently, fourfold volumes of 95% ethanol solution was added for alcohol precipitation. The mixture was allowed to stand for 12 h, followed by centrifugation at 5000× g for 10 min to collect the sediment. The ultrasonically modified insoluble dietary fiber (U−RIDF) was obtained using vacuum freeze-drying.
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