After administration of AKBA for 14 days, brain tumors were imaged using a small animal MRI scanner (Pharma Scan 70/16 US, Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany). The parameters for MRI were set as: T2_TurboRARE, with TR/TE = 5000/40, six averages, 20 × 20 field-of-view, and 0.5 mm slice thickness. The tumor volume was calculated as: V = L × W × T; where L referred to the maximum length of the tumor, W referred to the maximum width perpendicular to L, and T referred to the thickness of the tumor slice (0.5 mm).
Pharmascan 70 16 us
Manufactured by Bruker
Sourced in Germany, United States, Switzerland
The PharmaScan 70/16 US is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system designed for preclinical research. It operates at a field strength of 7 Tesla and features a 16 cm bore size, suitable for imaging small laboratory animals.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Physiological monitoring system, by SA Instruments (3 mentions)
Dexdomitor, by Zoetis (1 mentions)
Isoflo, by Abbott (1 mentions)
In vivo xtreme, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Matlab, by MathWorks (1 mentions)
Paravision 7, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Gd dtpa, by Bayer (1 mentions)
Paravision 360, by Bruker (1 mentions)
24 protocols using pharmascan 70 16 us
1
Quantitative Brain Tumor Imaging
2
In-vivo Whole-Brain Volumetry from 7T MRI
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MRI measurements were performed under 1–2% isoflurane anesthesia in a 70:30 nitrous oxide:oxygen mixture. Temperature was maintained through a circulating warm water system. Respiration rate was monitored during the measurements (Small Animal Instruments, Inc., Stony Brook, NY). T2-weighted images were acquired on a 7T MR scanner (PharmaScan 70/16 US; Bruker, Ettlingen, Germany) using a 20 mm quadrature volume resonator (Rapid Biomed). To cover the whole brain, a 2D T2-weighted RARE pulse sequence was used with 32 contiguous axial slices with 0.5 mm slice thickness and in-plane field of view of 25.6 × 25.6 mm. The imaging parameters were: matrix size 256 × 256, echo time spacing ΔTE = 12 ms, repetition time TR/effective echo time TE = 4,200/36 ms, bandwidth = 46,875 Hz, RARE factor 8, 4 averages, acquisition time 6:43 min.
The Allen brain atlas (Lein et al., 2007 (link)) was registered to individual MR images using the MATLAB toolbox ANTX (Koch et al., 2019 (link)) and the volume of each brain region was measured in mm3. For statistical comparison of brain region volume between groups a t-test (FDR, q < 0.1) was applied. Only regions with a size of >0.1mm3 (corresponding to 20 voxels) in at least one of the analyzed groups were included in the analysis. Both, absolute brain region volumes as well as brain region volumes normalized to whole brain volume were evaluated.
The Allen brain atlas (Lein et al., 2007 (link)) was registered to individual MR images using the MATLAB toolbox ANTX (Koch et al., 2019 (link)) and the volume of each brain region was measured in mm3. For statistical comparison of brain region volume between groups a t-test (FDR, q < 0.1) was applied. Only regions with a size of >0.1mm3 (corresponding to 20 voxels) in at least one of the analyzed groups were included in the analysis. Both, absolute brain region volumes as well as brain region volumes normalized to whole brain volume were evaluated.
3
Functional Connectivity in Aged Rat Brain
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Resting-state fMRI uses blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal correlations as a measure of functional brain connectivity (Biswal et al., 1995 (link); Gorges et al., 2017 (link)). We used a T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging sequence acquired with a 7 Tesla magnetic resonance scanner (Bruker BioSpin Pharmascan 70/16US). Subsequently, functional connectivity between a set of brain regions known to be related to cognitive functions (see below), such as cognitive flexibility and a high expression of NMDARs, was performed to characterize their age-related changes and the effects of D-serine on the aged rat brain.
The rats were food-deprived for a minimum of 12 h before starting the procedures. Anesthesia was induced with isoflurane (5%; Sofloran; PiSA) enriched with oxygen for 5 min. Once the animals were unresponsive, dexmedetomidine was administered (subcutaneous; Dexdomitor; Zoetis, 0.007 mg/kg) and the rats were placed in the scanner with the head fixed and maintained with isoflurane (0.25–0.50%) during the scanning session. Heart rate, breath rate, and spO2 were monitored continuously to assess the depth of anesthesia and general physiological condition of the animals. Body temperature was maintained by circulating warm water within the animal holder.
The rats were food-deprived for a minimum of 12 h before starting the procedures. Anesthesia was induced with isoflurane (5%; Sofloran; PiSA) enriched with oxygen for 5 min. Once the animals were unresponsive, dexmedetomidine was administered (subcutaneous; Dexdomitor; Zoetis, 0.007 mg/kg) and the rats were placed in the scanner with the head fixed and maintained with isoflurane (0.25–0.50%) during the scanning session. Heart rate, breath rate, and spO2 were monitored continuously to assess the depth of anesthesia and general physiological condition of the animals. Body temperature was maintained by circulating warm water within the animal holder.
4
Quantitative Lesion Assessment via MRI
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Mice were anesthetized by suction anesthesia and mounted in the supine position within a 7.0‐Tesla MR scanner (PharmaScan70/16 US, Bruker Biospin MRI GmbH) configured with a dedicated animal coil. Conventional MRI scans were performed at 3 and 6 weeks after surgery. For conventional MRI, a sagittal T2‐weighted image (T2WI) and a coronal T2‐weighted image (T2WI) were obtained. A spin echo (SE) sequence with the following parameters was used to acquire anatomical images: sagittal T2WIs (time of repetition (TR)/time of echo (TE) 1263 ms/25 ms, 512 × 512 matrix, field of view (FOV) 16) and coronal T2WIs (TR/TE 1263 ms/25 ms, 512 × 512 matrix, FOV 16). The volume of the lesion size was quantitatively analyzed through conventional MRI using the following formula
5
In Vivo MRI Imaging of Avian Brains
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The birds were initially anesthetized using 2% Isoflurane (Isoflo®, Abbot Laboratories Ltd.) in a mixture of 30% O2 and 70% N2 at a flow rate of 600 ml/min. Throughout the entire imaging procedure, respiration rate was monitored with a small pneumatic sensor (SA Instruments, NY, United States) positioned under the bird. Depending on the breathing rate, the anesthetic dose was lowered, ranging between 1 and 2% isoflurane. Body temperature was monitored with a cloacal temperature probe and kept within narrow physiological ranges (41.0 ± 0.2°C) using a warm air system with a feedback unit (SA Instruments, NY, United States).
All MRI measurements were performed on a 7 T horizontal MR system (Pharmascan 70/16 US, Bruker Biospin, Germany). Each imaging session started with a T2-weighted 3D anatomical rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE) scan [TR: 2,000 ms; TE: 11 ms; RARE factor: 8; zero-filled to a matrix of (256 × 92 × 64) with voxel resolution (0.089 × 0.25 × 0.25) mm3]. Subsequently, a 4 shot spin echo echo-planar imaging (SE-EPI) DTI scan [TR: 7,000 ms; TE: 23 ms; d 4 ms, D 12 ms; b-value 670 s/mm2; 60 diffusion gradient directions; spatial resolution: (0.179 × 0.179 × 0.35) mm3; 28 coronal slices] was acquired. After the imaging procedure, birds were left to recover in a warmed recovery box before returning to the aviary.
All MRI measurements were performed on a 7 T horizontal MR system (Pharmascan 70/16 US, Bruker Biospin, Germany). Each imaging session started with a T2-weighted 3D anatomical rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE) scan [TR: 2,000 ms; TE: 11 ms; RARE factor: 8; zero-filled to a matrix of (256 × 92 × 64) with voxel resolution (0.089 × 0.25 × 0.25) mm3]. Subsequently, a 4 shot spin echo echo-planar imaging (SE-EPI) DTI scan [TR: 7,000 ms; TE: 23 ms; d 4 ms, D 12 ms; b-value 670 s/mm2; 60 diffusion gradient directions; spatial resolution: (0.179 × 0.179 × 0.35) mm3; 28 coronal slices] was acquired. After the imaging procedure, birds were left to recover in a warmed recovery box before returning to the aviary.
6
In Vivo Brain MRI of APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice
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After 1 week of adaptive feeding of experimental animals, 7.0T animal MRI scanner (PharmaScan 70/16 US, Bruker, Germany) were performed on the animals. APP/PS1 transgenic mice and wild type mice underwent brain MRI scans alternately. Before and during the MRI scan, the mice were anesthetized. First, the rats were injected dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (100 μg/mL) into the interior lateral thigh muscle to prepare them before scanning using a dose of 0.02 mL per 100 g⋅bw. Second, mice were anesthetized with a mixture of 5% isoflurane/95% O2 in an organic glass device. Then applyed a mixture of 2% isoflurane/98% O2 at the center of the magnetic field to maintain anesthesia and fix them in a prone position. During the experiment, the real-time small animal vital signs monitor (Model 1025, Small Animal Instruments Inc., USA) was used to closely monitor the temperature, respiratory rate, and heart rate of animals to ensure that they were within the normal range.
7
7T MRI Imaging of Rat Brains
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MR images of the animal brains were acquired using a horizontal 7T scanner (PharmaScan 70/16 US; Bruker Biospin, Ettlingen, Germany) with a volume coil with an inner diameter of 40 mm. The rats were positioned in a stereotaxic frame to obtain MR images, with their mouths fixed to prevent movement during acquisition [24 (link)]. The rats’ body temperature was maintained at 36.5 °C with regulated water flow and was continuously monitored using a physiological monitoring system (SA Instruments Inc., Stony Book, NY, USA). All brain MR experiments on rats were performed under general anesthesia with isoflurane (3.0% for induction and 2.0% for maintenance).
8
Multimodal MRI of Itpr2-deficient Mice
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All MRI scans were performed on 14 control mice and 15 Itpr2−/− mice using a 7T Bruker scanner (Pharmascan 70/16 US) equipped with a 86 mm birdcage transmit-only RF coil and a receive-only quadrature surface coil. Before scanning, the mice were anesthetized with 3% isoflurane and then mechanically ventilated with 1-1.5% isoflurane. During the examination, the mice were placed on a plastic cradle with the head fixed with a tooth bar and plastic screws in the ear canals. A water circulation system was used to maintain the body temperature of the animals. The level of anesthesia was monitored, and the respiratory rate was kept above 60 breaths per min. For the structural MRI, a 3D T2-weighted images (3D-T2WI) were scanned using a Turbo RARE sequence with the following parameters: TR/TE = 1800/45, flip angle = 90°, matrix = 256 × 256, voxel size = 0.078 × 0.078 × 0.512 mm, 32 slices, and slice thickness/gap = 0.512/0 mm. For the resting-state fMRI, a spin-echo echo-planar imaging (SE-EPI) sequence was used with 500 time points, TR/TE = 1500/21.2 ms, flip angle = 90°, matrix = 96 × 96, voxel size = 0.156 × 0.156 × 0.7 mm, 15 slices, and slice thickness/gap = 0.7/0 mm.
9
Neuroimaging of Dll1 Mouse Mutants
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Young and adult WT and Dll1+/lacZ mice were anesthetized and X-ray images captured using the In vivo Xtreme instrument (Bruker, Billerica, Massachusetts). The mice spine length was estimated based on X-ray images considering the distance from neck to tail base, (WT, n = 11; Dll1+/lacZ, n = 9). MRI acquisition was conducted with a Bruker Pharmascan 70/16US, 7 Tesla magnetic resonance scanner (Bruker, Ettlingen, Germany). An anatomical scan was obtained using a spin-echo rapid acquisition with refocused echoes (Turbo-RARE) sequence with the following parameters: TR = 400 ms, TE = 21.3 ms, matrix dimensions = 396 × 396, 396 slices, slice thickness = 0.040 mm, no gap, resulting in isometric voxels 0.040 × 0.040 × 0.040 mm3 in size. The volume of the whole brain and lateral ventricles were determined manually drawing regions of interest (ROIs) using the segmentation function of ITK-SNAP software (Yushkevich et al., 2006 (link)). For LV measurements, we considered the volume from the anterior truncated part of the corpus callosum named the genu (onset in Figure 3B ) to the splenium (end in Figure 3B ).
10
Postoperative Brain Imaging in Marmosets
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (7T; PharmaScan 70/16 US; Bruker Biospin, Ettlingen, Germany) of the brain with a 60 mm volume coil was performed on postoperative day 1. General anesthesia with isoflurane (3–4% at induction, 0.5–2.5% at maintenance) was used. The marmosets were positioned in a specially designed stereotaxic frame with mouth and ear bars to prevent movement during the acquisition. The body temperature was maintained at 36.5°C with regulated water flow and continuously monitored using a physiological monitoring system (SA Instruments, Inc., Stony Brook, United States). All processes, including preparation, were completed within 30 min. MRI examinations were performed using multi-shot echo planar diffusion-weighted image (DWI, 30 diffusion directions, b-values = 650 and b = 0 s/mm2, echo time [TE]/repetition time [TR] = 20/2000 ms, matrix = 96 × 96, field of view [FOV] = 51.2 × 51.2 mm, 30 slices, slice thickness = 1.0 mm, number of average = 2, segment = 4 segments, scan time = 9 min 20 s, and T2-weighted imaging (rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement [RARE] factor = 8, TE/TR = 33/3200 ms, matrix = 256 × 256, FOV = 51.2 × 51.2 mm, 30 slices, thickness = 1.0 mm, number of average = 4). Infarct volumes were derived from diffusion-weighted images of high-intensity signal areas.
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