The polyoxymethylene resin used in the course of this study was the acetal copolymer Tarnoform 300 produced by Grupa Azoty (Tarnow, Poland); this type of POM resin is designed for injection molding purposes and has a melt flow index (MFI) of 9 g/10 min (2.16 kg/190 °C). The second polymer used for the preparation of the blends was the poly(lactic acid) Ingeo 3251D produced by Nature Works (Minnetonka, MN, USA); this PLA is a biopolymer made of renewable raw materials for which the manufacturing process is based on the polymerization of lactic acid fermented sugars obtained from plants. Because this grade is intended mainly for the injection molding process, it is characterized by a relatively low molecular weight (88,000 g/mol) and a relatively high MFI of 35 g/10 min (2.16 kg/190 °C). The impact modifier (EBA) used for this study was E/BA/GMA, which was supplied under the trade name Elvaloy PTW (Du Pont, Wilmington, DE, USA). The reactive compounding process was performed in the presence of a Joncryl 4368C reactive compatibilizer (BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany), which is a multifunctional chain extender based on a styrene–acrylic oligomer functionalized with reactive epoxy groups. According to the manufacturer, the molecular weight of the used chain extender is 6800 g/mol, while the epoxy equivalent reaches 285 g/mol.
Ingeo 3251d
Manufactured by NatureWorks
Sourced in United States
Ingeo 3251D is a polylactic acid (PLA) resin made by NatureWorks. It is a versatile, biodegradable material suitable for a variety of applications, including packaging, consumer goods, and other products. The resin is designed to meet specific performance requirements and can be processed using various manufacturing techniques.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
7 protocols using ingeo 3251d
1
Biobased Polyblend Formulation and Characterization
2
Phycocyanin Cytotoxicity Evaluation on Skin Cells
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Polylactic acid (Ingeo 3251D) was purchased from NatureWorks (Minnetonka, MN, USA) with an average molecular weight (Mw) of 148,000 g/mol. Phycocyanin powder was purchased from Xi’an Quanao Biotech Co., Ltd. (Xi’an, China). Alginate powder was purchased from Take it Global company. Chloroform was purchased from HmbG chemicals (analytical grades, Hamburg, Germany) and used as is. A preliminary study, a cell cytotoxicity test, was first done on the raw material phycocyanin to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of raw material on skin cells. The test was carried out by a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay with a human skin fibroblast cell line, HSF1184.
3
Biodiesel Glycerol-CNC Polymer Composites
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Technical glycerol (95 wt %)9 (link) from biodiesel production was obtained from BIOX Corporation,
Canada. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) (freeze-dried, 0.85 wt % sulfur,
sodium co-ion form) were obtained from the University of Maine Process
Development Centre, Orono. Succinic acid (99 wt %, KIC Chemicals),
maleic anhydride (99 wt %, Sigma-Aldrich, Canada), and tetrahydrofuran
(THF) (99.8 wt %, Fisher Scientific, Canada) were purchased and used
as received. Poly(lactic acid) (Ingeo 3251D) (NatureWorks) (melting
point of 155–170 °C; melt flow index of 30–40 g/10
min at 190 °C, 2.16 kg) was purchased and used as received. 2,5-Bis(tert-butyl-peroxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane (Luperox 101) (technical
grade 90%, Sigma-Aldrich, Canada) was used as a free radical initiator
in reactive extrusion.
Canada. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) (freeze-dried, 0.85 wt % sulfur,
sodium co-ion form) were obtained from the University of Maine Process
Development Centre, Orono. Succinic acid (99 wt %, KIC Chemicals),
maleic anhydride (99 wt %, Sigma-Aldrich, Canada), and tetrahydrofuran
(THF) (99.8 wt %, Fisher Scientific, Canada) were purchased and used
as received. Poly(lactic acid) (Ingeo 3251D) (NatureWorks) (melting
point of 155–170 °C; melt flow index of 30–40 g/10
min at 190 °C, 2.16 kg) was purchased and used as received. 2,5-Bis(tert-butyl-peroxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane (Luperox 101) (technical
grade 90%, Sigma-Aldrich, Canada) was used as a free radical initiator
in reactive extrusion.
4
Thermal Crosslinking of PCL/PLA Blends
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Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) (Capa™ 6800) of density 1.14 g/cm3 and melt flow index of 7.3 g/10 min (190 °C/2.16 kg) was obtained from Perstorp Holding AB (Malmö, Sweden), and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) (Ingeo™ 3251D) of melt flow index of 35 g/10 min (190 °C/2.16 kg), and density of 1.24 g/cm3 was purchased from NatureWorks LLC (Minnetonka, MN, USA). Dicumyl peroxide (DCP) (T1/2 = 0.1 h at 154 °C) and di-(2-tert-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)-benzene (BIB) (T1/2 = 0.1 h at 156 °C) were obtained from Pergan Peroxides Company (Quedlinburg, Germany).
5
Injection-Grade Polymer Characterization
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Two injection-grade polymers were used in
this study: PET (Laser+, B90A) was produced and supplied by DAK Americas
and PLA (Ingeo 3251D) was purchased from Nature Works LLC. Additionally,
poly(ethylene-n-butylene-acrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (EBA–GMA) was supplied by DuPont company
under the trade name Elvaloy PTW. This terpolymer chain consists of
66.75 wt % ethylene, 28 wt % butyl acrylate, and 5.25 wt % glycidyl
methacrylate.33 (link) Another compatibilizer,
poly(styrene-acrylic−co-glycidyl methacrylate)
(SA–GMA) known as Joncryl ADR-4368C (flakes), was supplied
by BASF. It has an average molecular weight of 6800 g mol–1 with an epoxy equivalent weight of 285 g mol–1, indicating 49.8 wt % glycidyl methacrylate (Mw = 142.15 g mol–1) according to the equation34 (link) The
chemical structures of EBA–GMA
and SA–GMA have significant similarities, but these terpolymers
have a large variation in reactivity on the account of the 10-fold
difference in epoxy groups due to the amount of glycidyl methacrylate.
this study: PET (Laser+, B90A) was produced and supplied by DAK Americas
and PLA (Ingeo 3251D) was purchased from Nature Works LLC. Additionally,
poly(ethylene-n-butylene-acrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (EBA–GMA) was supplied by DuPont company
under the trade name Elvaloy PTW. This terpolymer chain consists of
66.75 wt % ethylene, 28 wt % butyl acrylate, and 5.25 wt % glycidyl
methacrylate.33 (link) Another compatibilizer,
poly(styrene-acrylic−co-glycidyl methacrylate)
(SA–GMA) known as Joncryl ADR-4368C (flakes), was supplied
by BASF. It has an average molecular weight of 6800 g mol–1 with an epoxy equivalent weight of 285 g mol–1, indicating 49.8 wt % glycidyl methacrylate (Mw = 142.15 g mol–1) according to the equation34 (link) The
chemical structures of EBA–GMA
and SA–GMA have significant similarities, but these terpolymers
have a large variation in reactivity on the account of the 10-fold
difference in epoxy groups due to the amount of glycidyl methacrylate.
6
Poly(lactic acid) Implant Fabrication
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The polymer was prepared at the Department of Materials Engineering at the São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Brazil, according to Dias e Chinelatto (2019) [36 (link)]. The material used was Poly(acid lactic) (PLA grade: Ingeo 3251D), manufactured by NatureWorks Co. Ltd. with 80,000 g.mol−1, 1.4% of D-PLA content, 48 MPa tensile strength, 2.5% strain at break, and 16 J.m−1 Izod impact resistance. Polymer implants (1 cm2 and 1 mm thick) were produced via hot pressing at 180 °C. Sterilization was performed with ethylene oxide (Acecil Central de Esterilização Comércio e Indústria Ltda, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil).
7
Reactive Extrusion of PLA/PBAT Biocomposites
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Two types of polymer resins were used during the investigation. The first one was poly(lactic) PLA Ingeo 3251D from NatureWorks (Minnetonka, MN, USA), MFI = 30–40 g/10 min (190 °C, 2.16 kg). This type of PLA is intended for injection molding applications. The second polymer type was polybutylene adipate terephthalate PBAT foil grade Ecoflex C1200 type from BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany), MFI = 2.7–4.5 g/10 min (190 °C, 2.16 kg). For the purpose of reactive extrusion process we used the epoxy functionalized chain extender (CE), in our case it was random styrene-acrylonitrile-glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer type SAG-008 from the company Fine-Blend (Shanghai, China), material was supplied by DSKH GmbH. Composite reinforcement consists of flax fiber fabric, we used the natural flax. The density of the used plain weave fabric was 260 g/m2.
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