The antioxidant activity was measured with the ABTS radical scavenging assay [28 (link)]. For that, the ABTS ion dissolved in ultrapure water (7 nM) was oxidized with potassium persulfate (0.45 nM). The mixture was stored in darkness overnight to obtain a dark-blue solution of oxidized ABTS. This solution was diluted in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS pH 7.4) until reaching an absorbance of 0.700 at 734 nm using ultrapure water as blank, then, the prepared solution was the working solution. The antioxidant assay was performed as follows: i) accurately 950 μL of the working solution was transferred to a spectrophotometer cell, and mixed with 250 μL of the diluted sample, ii) the mixture was vortex mixed for 5 s and allowed to react for 5 min in darkness, iii) the absorbance of the mixture was measured at 734 nm with a UV–vis spectrophotometer Genesys TM 10S (Thermo Scientific, CA, USA) using the working solution as a control. The absorbance was used to calculate the antioxidant activity using a calibration curve with Trolox in a range of 25–400 μM, therefore, the results were reported as Trolox Equivalents (TE), which corresponded to mmol Trolox/g of sample. The assay was done in duplicate.
Genesys tm 10s
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States
The Genesys TM 10S is a UV-Vis spectrophotometer designed for general laboratory use. It features a wavelength range of 190-1100 nm and provides accurate absorbance measurements for a variety of samples.
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6 protocols using genesys tm 10s
1
ABTS Radical Scavenging Antioxidant Assay
2
Histamine Production in Bacterial Strains
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The concentration of histamine produced by the strains was determined by direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (Multiskan EX, Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA) using the Veratox® commercial kit. One colony was suspended in 50 mL of trypticase soy broth supplemented with 1.0% l -histidine (TSBH) and incubated at 20 °C in a shaking incubator at 150 rpm (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). At every hour, an aliquot of 3 mL was removed from the culture and used to estimate the total concentration of bacteria in soy trypcasein agar (TSA) and cell transmittance using a UV-visible spectrophotometer at 540 nm (GENESYSTM 10S, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The remnant sample was centrifuged at 2600× g 15 min and the supernatant was used to quantify the histamine concentration.
3
Spectrophotometric Determination of HMF
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HMF was recorded by determining the absorbance of the solutions at 284 and 336 nm, which was done using a GenesysTM10S UV-visible spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Shanghai, China) [18 (link)]. The following equation was used to calculate the HMF content:
where A284: absorbance value at 284 nm, A336: absorbance at 336 nm, and 149.7: a factor calculated by the molecular weight of HMF and the mass of the sample [12 ,15 ].
where A284: absorbance value at 284 nm, A336: absorbance at 336 nm, and 149.7: a factor calculated by the molecular weight of HMF and the mass of the sample [12 ,15 ].
4
Comprehensive Characterization of Nanoparticles
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The crystalline structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD; a Bruker AXS model D8 Advance diffractometer) by using a Cu-Kα1 radiation source, λ = 0.15406 nm. The XRD data in 2θ ranging from 10° to 80° were collected with a scanning step size of 0.02°. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were performed using a mono-chromatized Al K α X-ray source (Thermo Scientific). Morphologies and size of nanostructures were determined by transitions electron microscopy (TEM; FEI 120 kV), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM; Vega Tescan). Dynamic light scattering (DLS; Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK, model Nano ZS) was used to determine the hydrodynamic size of NPs. NPs were dispersed in deionized H2O and the size was measured by DLS (Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK, model Nano ZS). Spectroscopic characterizations were carried out using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis; Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA, Madison, model GENESYSTM 10S). For analyzing samples by UV–Vis, they were dispersed in deionized H2O, and measured in the range of 600–200 nm.
5
Wine Quality Parameter Analysis
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The analysis of the oenological quality parameters, namely pH, total titrable acidity, volatile acidity, alcohol content, reducing sugars, free and total sulfur dioxide, were carried out according to the standard method of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (2007). The total polyphenol index (TPI) was performed with wine dilutions of 1:100, followed by reading absorbance at 280 nm using a spectrophotometer Genesys TM 10S (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) in Q-4 quartz cuvettes (Ribéreau-Gayon et al., 2006) (Table S1).
6
Spectrophotometric Analysis of Wine Color
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Color intensity was measured in terms of absorbance at different wavelengths (420, 520, and 620 nm), using a spectrophotometer Genesys TM 10S (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The color intensity value was obtained by summing the absorbance measurements of the wine in the violet, green, and red regions of the visible spectrum, according to Ribéreau-Gayon et al. (2006) .
The use of oak chips during the fermentation process Alencar et al.
The use of oak chips during the fermentation process Alencar et al.
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