Ethyl alcohol anhydrous

Hemoglobin from bovine blood, gold chloride trihydrate 99.9% trace metals basis, L-ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA), sodium nitrite (NaNO₂), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) solution and human serum from human male AB plasma were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was purchased from Yakuri Pure Chemicals Co. LTD. (Japan). To conjugate Single stranded DNA (ssDNA) to the amide end of hemoglobin, the 5 prime end of ssDNA (5′-ATAAAAAAAGCGCGGGGGTTCCGCG-3′) was modified with a thiol group. The 5 prime end of cDNA (5′-AAAATAAAAACGCGCGGAACCCCCGCGC-3′) was also modified with a thiol group to immobilize on the NPGF electrode. ssDNA and cDNA were synthesized by Bioneer (South Korea). Sulfo-SMCC, and Bond-Breaker™ tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) solution were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (USA). Gold substrate was purchased from National Nanofab Center (South Korea). Precision Plus Protein™ Unstained Protein Standards was purchased from Bio-rad (USA). Ethyl alcohol anhydrous, sulfuric acid, and H₂O₂ solution were purchased from Daejung Chemical (South Korea).

Hardwood (HW) pulp was received from Hansol Paper and Pulp Co. (Jeonju, Korea). HW bleached kraft pulp in dried pad form is a combination of Aspen and Poplar, and its alpha-cellulose (α) content is 85.7%, and viscosity is 14.6 cPs. 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO, 98%), sodium bromide (NaBr, 99%), sodium hypochlorite (NaClO, 15%), and hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich St. Louis, MO, USA, and Sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 98%) was purchased from Daejung Chemical, Busan, Korea. They were used to oxidize HW pulp further to extract CNF. Zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(CH₃COO)₂·2H₂O, reagent grade 98%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, and ethyl alcohol anhydrous (C₂H₅OH, purity 99.5%) was purchased from Daejung Chemical. Zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O, reagent grade 98%) and hexamethylenetetramine (HMT, (CH₂)₆N₄, reagent grade 99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All other chemicals used were analytical-reagent-grade (Purity > 99%) and used as received.

Ethanol was supplied by Ethanol Supplies World Co. (Jeonju, Republic of Korea). Diethyl ether, n-butanol, methyl alcohol, anhydrous ethyl alcohol (99.9%), sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, acetic acid, citric acid, hydrochloric acid, and oxalic acid were purchased from Daejung Chemicals & Metals Co. (Siheung, Republic of Korea). 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, carbazole, galacturonic acid, gallic acid, and catechin were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ascorbic acid was purchased from Reagent Duksan (Ansan, Republic of Korea). Aluminum chloride and sodium nitrite were obtained from Junsei Chemical (Tokyo, Japan). Ginsenosides standards such as Rg1, Re, Rf, Rg2, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, F1, Rd, F2, and Rg3 for HPLC analysis were supplied by Ambo Institute (Daejeon, Republic of Korea).

The internal fluids were controlled by a microfluidic control system (MFCS^TM-EZ, Fluigent) under various pressures ranging from 0 to 1000 hPa in 100 hPa increments (Figure 2A) to obtain constant and continuous pressure on each microparticle. Before each UV exposure, the flow was temporarily stopped to prevent the resins’ movement during microparticle fabrication. The microparticles were fabricated by short UV exposure. After fabrication, the dynamic pressure was reapplied to the resin, up to 1000 hPa, to move the microparticles toward the deformation region at the ~10 μm outlet. High-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (HR-FESEM, MERLIN, Carl Zeiss, Vendor, Seoul, Korea) was used to observe the topography of the fabricated microparticles with a top view and a tilted view (Figure 2B). For the modeled drug release experiment, the microparticles were immersed in anhydrous ethyl alcohol (99%, Daejung, Seoul, Korea) with rhodamine (Polyscience), which passively diffused from the microparticles over time. After drying thoroughly, the microparticles were placed onto agarose sheets, allowing passive diffusion of the rhodamine on the sheet over a fixed release time of 10 min. Finally, the microparticles were removed from the agarose sheets for observation via fluorescence microscopy (IX71, Olympus, Vendor, Seoul, Korea).