EVO-18 microscope (ZEISS, Oberkochen, Germany) and an FEI Tecnai-G2
F30 microscope (FEI Co., Hillsboro, OR) spectrometer, respectively.
XPS spectra were obtained using a K-α spectrometer (Thermo Fisher
Scientific Co., Waltham, MA). The FTIR spectra were collected with
a Spectrum 65 FTIR spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer Co., Ltd., Waltham,
MA). The UV–vis absorption spectra were obtained using a Shimadzu
UV-6100 UV–vis-NIR spectrophotometer (Shanghai Mapada Instruments
Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). Red excitation light was provided by
a PEAC 200A system (Ada Hengsheng Technology Development Co., Ltd.,
Tianjin, China). The distance between the illumination source and
the sample cell was maintained at 10 cm. PEC measurements were performed
using an electrochemical workstation (CHI760e, Chenhua Instrument
Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). ITO slices (≤6 Ω, South
China Xiangcheng Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China) with an active
surface area of 0.25 cm2 were used as the working electrode
vs Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode.