Vancomycin

Manufactured by Duchefa Biochemie

Sourced in United States

Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by the bacterium Amycolatopsis orientalis. It is commonly used in laboratory settings for the detection and identification of various microorganisms.

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Lab products found in correlation

Ampicillin, by Nacalai Tesque (3 mentions) Gentamicin, by Nacalai Tesque (3 mentions) Ampicillin, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Neomycin, by Nacalai Tesque (2 mentions) Metronidazole, by Nacalai Tesque (2 mentions) Ampicillin, by Duchefa Biochemie (1 mentions) Metronidazole, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Ciprofloxacin, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Anaeropack microaero gas generating system, by Mitsubishi (1 mentions) Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Brucella broth, by BD (1 mentions) Neomycin sulfate, by Nacalai Tesque (1 mentions) Penicillin streptomycin p s, by Nacalai Tesque (1 mentions) Amphotericin b, by Nacalai Tesque (1 mentions) Ampicillin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Ethanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Live dead baclight kit, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Disc3 5, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Sypro ruby, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Meropenem, by AstraZeneca (1 mentions)

12 protocols using vancomycin

Antibiotic Treatment Alters Gut Microbiome

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All chemicals were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO), unless indicated otherwise. Syngeneic BALB/c, BALB/c nude, and C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Charles River Technology through Orient Bio (Sungnam, Korea). Transgenic OT-II mice and RORc(γt)^gfp reporter mice were kindly provided by Dr. M. Song (International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Korea) and Dr. Charles D. Surh (Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea), respectively. To prepare ABX-treated mice, mice were given a cocktail of ABX (1 g/L ampicillin, 0.5 g/L vancomycin, and 0.1 g/L polymyxin), purchased from Duchefa Biochemie (Haarlem, The Netherlands), in drinking water for 4 wk.
Experimental procedures involving laboratory animals were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Chonbuk National University (Approval Numbers: CBU 2011-0061 and CBU 2015-0004). They were carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the committee.

Kim S.H., Cho B.H., Kiyono H, & Jang Y.S. (2017). Microbiota-derived butyrate suppresses group 3 innate lymphoid cells in terminal ileal Peyer’s patches. Scientific Reports, 7, 3980.

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Microbiome Depletion and Recolonization

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For substantial depletion of the microbiota, SPF mice were provided drinking water containing 0.2 mg/ml ciprofloxacin (Sigma‐Aldrich), 1 mg/ml ampicillin (Sigma‐Aldrich), 1 mg/ml metronidazole (Sigma‐Aldrich), and 0.5 mg/ml vancomycin (Duchefa Biochemie) for 2 weeks ad libitum as described previously (O'Connor et al, 2021 (link)). Antibiotics were renewed every other day. 0.05 g of feces (2–3 pellets) was solubilized in 1 ml PBS, and the resulting inoculum was plated on BHI plates to track the success of the treatment. For recolonization, GF and antibiotics‐treated mice received fecal matter from the SPF mice through two gavages at Day 0 and Day 2 (once a day) and then were left for 2 weeks before being sacrificed. A group of SPF mice was gavaged with sterile PBS as control.

Xie J., Bruggeman A., De Nolf C., Vandendriessche C., Van Imschoot G., Van Wonterghem E., Vereecke L, & Vandenbroucke R.E. (2023). Gut microbiota regulates blood‐cerebrospinal fluid barrier function and Aβ pathology. The EMBO Journal, 42(17), e111515.

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Microbiome Transfer for EAE Induction

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Microflora transfer was performed according to previously published methods, with modifications.18 (link) Briefly, 6-week-old female mice were treated with a cocktail of antibiotics (0.5 mg/mL vancomycin [Duchefa Biochemie, Haarlem, the Netherlands], 1 mg/mL ampicillin, 1 mg/mL metronidazole, 1 mg/mL neomycin, and 1 mg/mL gentamicin [Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan]) in drinking water for 2 weeks. Diluted cecal contents were collected from 8-week-old mice treated with C. kefyr or water for 2 weeks. The ceca of control mice or C. kefyr-treated mice were dissected and opened, and the contents were transferred to a sterile tube and resuspended in 50 volumes of sterile water. Next, 200 μL of this suspension was administered to each recipient by oral gavage using a gavage needle for five consecutive days. At 2 days after the final oral gavage, feces were collected for T-RFLP analysis, and mice were immunized for EAE.

Takata K., Tomita T., Okuno T., Kinoshita M., Koda T., Honorat J.A., Takei M., Hagihara K., Sugimoto T., Mochizuki H., Sakoda S, & Nakatsuji Y. (2014). Dietary Yeasts Reduce Inflammation in Central Nerve System via Microflora. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology, 2(1), 56-66.

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Culturing and Storing H. pylori Strains

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H. pylori strains PMSS1, G27, 26695, J99, and 7.13 and the 15 PMSS1 isogenic mutant strains containing different numbers of cagA repeats were cultured and stored as previously described (76 (link)). Briefly, all H. pylori strains were grown on horse blood agar plates supplemented with antibiotics and stored at −80°C until use. Chloramphenicol was added to the horse blood agar plates or liquid culture medium at a concentration of 8 μg/ml for cultures of PMSS1 derivatives that contained the cat cassette. For infection of mammalian cells to measure cell elongation and IL-8 induction and for immunoblot assays, H. pylori strains were prepared as previously described (23 (link)), with minor modifications. H. pylori strains were initially cultured in brucella broth (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) and 10 μg/ml vancomycin (Duchefa, Haarlem, Netherlands) for 24 h and were then inoculated into new media to obtain an optical density of 0.05 at 600 nm. These cultures were grown for 18 h with shaking at 110 rpm. All H. pylori strains were cultured at 37°C under microaerophilic conditions generated by an Anaeropack-Microaero gas-generating system (Mitsubishi Gas Chemical, Tokyo, Japan).

Jang S., Su H., Blum F.C., Bae S., Choi Y.H., Kim A., Hong Y.A., Kim J., Kim J.H., Gunawardhana N., Jeon Y.E., Yoo Y.J., Merrell D.S., Ge L, & Cha J.H. (2017). Dynamic Expansion and Contraction of cagA Copy Number in Helicobacter pylori Impact Development of Gastric Disease. mBio, 8(1), e01779-16.

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Isolation and Characterization of VRSA Strains

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Various clinical strains of VRSA used for this study were collected from stock collection of Microbiology Laboratory of both Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile Ife, Osun State, Nigeria and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. These isolates were first sub cultured on mannitol salt agar medium (Biolab) to confirm their purity and strains before use. The isolates were confirmed to be true VRSA by subjecting them to susceptibility testing against vancomycin (Duchefa). The standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus of National Collection of Industrial Bacteria (NCIB) and American Typed Culture Collection (ATCC) were obtained from culture collection of Prof David Akinpelu, Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.
The inoculum of the test isolates were prepared using the colony suspension method as described by European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) (2000). The inoculum were standardized using 0.5 McFarland standards.

Akinpelu D.A., Odewade J.O., Aiyegoro O.A., Ashafa A.O., Akinpelu O.F, & Agunbiade M.O. (2016). Biocidal effects of stem bark extract of Chrysophyllum albidium G. Don on vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16, 105.

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Antibiotic Treatment Regimen for Mice

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Mice were treated with ampicillin (1 g/L; Nacalai Tesque), vancomycin (500 mg/L; Duchefa Biochemie), neomycin sulfate (1 g/L; Nacalai Tesque), metronidazole (1 g/L; Nacalai Tesque), gentamicin (10 mg/L; Nacalai Tesque), 1% penicillin-streptomycin (P/S) (Nacalai Tesque, 09367-34), and 1% amphotericin B (Nacalai Tesque, 02892-54) in drinking water as previously described^{11 (link),54 (link)}. Antibiotic-containing water was changed twice a week. Antibiotic treatment was started 2 weeks before infection and continued for the entire duration of the experiments.

Nagai M., Moriyama M., Ishii C., Mori H., Watanabe H., Nakahara T., Yamada T., Ishikawa D., Ishikawa T., Hirayama A., Kimura I., Nagahara A., Naito T., Fukuda S, & Ichinohe T. (2023). High body temperature increases gut microbiota-dependent host resistance to influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nature Communications, 14, 3863.

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Antibiotic-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Mice

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Six-week-old C57BLl/6 mice were treated with gentamicin (2 g/L; Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan) or vancomycin (500 mg/L; Duchefa Biochemie B.V.) dissolved in autoclaved drinking water and provided for 2 weeks. The fluid intake and body weight were monitored. All procedures were approved by the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine affiliated Xin Hua Hospital Animal Care and Use Committee.

Xiao Y., Zhou K., Lu Y., Yan W., Cai W, & Wang Y. (2018). Administration of antibiotics contributes to cholestasis in pediatric patients with intestinal failure via the alteration of FXR signaling. Experimental & Molecular Medicine, 50(12), 1-14.

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Antimicrobial Compound Screening Protocol

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The compounds used in this study, 2,2′-methylenebis[6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol] (AO 2246), bakuchiol, benzoyl peroxide, carnosic acid, celastrol, dihydroxychalcone, 8-hydroxyquinoline, idebenone, dodecyl gallate (lauryl gallate), menadione, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), thymohydroquinone, thymoquinone, totarol and vitamin K5 hydrochloride, were gifts from Syntopix Group plc (Bradford, UK) [known latterly as Evocutis plc (Wetherby, UK)]. Other chemicals and antibiotics were from Sigma-Aldrich (Poole, UK), with the following exceptions: ampicillin (Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK), cefotaxime (MP Biomedicals, Illkirch Cedex, France), ciprofloxacin (Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany), daptomycin (Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Lexington, MA, USA), flucloxacillin (CP Pharmaceuticals, Wrexham, UK), meropenem (AstraZeneca, Wilmington, DE, USA), vancomycin (Duchefa Biochemie, Haarlem, the Netherlands) and ethanol (Fisher Scientific). SYPRO^® Ruby, DiSC₃(5) and the Live/Dead BacLight™ kit were from Invitrogen (Paisley, UK).

Ooi N., Eady E.A., Cove J.H, & O'Neill A.J. (2014). Redox-active compounds with a history of human use: antistaphylococcal action and potential for repurposing as topical antibiofilm agents. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 70(2), 479-488.

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Broad Spectrum Antibiotic Treatment in Mice

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Wide spectrum antibiotics (ampicillin 1 g/L and neomycin 1 g/L, Sigma-Aldrich; vancomycin 0.5 g/L and metronidazole 1 g/L, Duchefa) were added to the sweetened drinking water of mice treated with antibiotics for 3-4 weeks. Control mice were given sweetened drinking water in parallel.

Hussein H., Denanglaire S., Van Gool F., Azouz A., Ajouaou Y., El-Khatib H., Oldenhove G., Leo O, & Andris F. (2020). Multiple Environmental Signaling Pathways Control the Differentiation of RORγt-Expressing Regulatory T Cells. Frontiers in Immunology, 10, 3007.

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Detecting Metallo-beta-Lactamase-Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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Cultures were analysed at the Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory Medicine, Ska ˚ne County, Lund. Sink swabs were selectively cultured for Pae-MBL using UriselectÔ agar (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) with added vancomycin (10.5 mg/ mL, final concentration) (Duchefa Biochemie BV, Haarlem, The Netherlands) with meropenem 10 mg and sulphamethoxazole/ trimethoprim 25 mg discs (Oxoid Ltd, Basingstoke, UK). Bacteria with an inhibition zone <25 mm to any of the discs were speciesidentified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS Microflex LT, Bruker Daltonics, Billerica, MA, USA), followed by standardized antibiotic susceptibility testing using the disc diffusion method (Oxoid) and interpretation according to EUCAST breakpoint criteria. 12 MBL was detected with E-test MBL IP/IPI 256/64 (bioMe ´rieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France), and positive strains were confirmed to produce MBL using Check-MDR CT-103 array (Checkpoint B.V., Wageningen, The Netherlands). Water samples were cultured by filtering 100 mL of water, followed by selective Pae-MBL culture of the filter as described above.
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis was performed at the Public Health Agency Sweden according to standard procedures. 13

Stjärne Aspelund A., Sjöström K., Olsson Liljequist B., Mörgelin M., Melander E, & Påhlman L.I. (2016). Acetic acid as a decontamination method for sink drains in a nosocomial outbreak of metallo-β-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The Journal of hospital infection, 94(1).

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