Ceftriaxone

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United Kingdom, United States, Italy

Ceftriaxone is a laboratory product manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific. It is a cephalosporin antibiotic used in research and clinical settings. The core function of Ceftriaxone is to inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, thereby demonstrating antibacterial properties.

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Ceftriaxone (CRO (2 citations)

127 protocols using ceftriaxone

Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiling of Isolates

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All the identified isolates were subjected to susceptibility testing against amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (30 µg), ampicillin (10 µg), cefepime (30 µg), cefotaxime (30 µg), ceftazidime (30 µg), ceftriaxone (30 µg), cefuroxime (30 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), imipenem (10 µg), meropenem (10 µg), nitrofurantoin (10 µg), piperacillin (100 µg), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (1.25/23.75 µg), and tetracycline (30 µg) (Oxoid, UK) using the Kirby-Bauer method on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) (Oxoid, UK). Zone sizes from the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines were employed to interpret the results. Bacterial isolates which were resistant to three or more antibiotics from different classes were considered as MDR.24

Alebel M., Mekonnen F, & Mulu W. (2021). Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase and Carbapenemase Producing Gram-Negative Bacilli Infections Among Patients in Intensive Care Units of Felegehiwot Referral Hospital: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study. Infection and Drug Resistance, 14, 391-405.

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Antibiotic Resistance Profiling of E. coli

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Patterns of antibiotic resistance of the E. coli isolates were assessed using the simple disc diffusion method. The isolates were cultured onto the Mueller–Hinton agar (HiMedia Laboratories, Mumbai, India; MV1084). Antibiotic discs including kanamycin (1000 μg/disc), tetracycline (30 μg/disc), ampicillin (10 μg/disc), gentamycin (10 μg/disc), imipenem (30 μg/disc), amikacin (30 μg/disc), mezlocillin (30 μg/disc), cefotaxime (30 μg/disc), piperacillin (30 μg/disc), cipr ofloxacin (5 μg/disc), cotrimoxazole (30 μg/disc), norfloxacin (30 μg/disc), ceftazidime (30 μg/disc), nitrofurantoin (300 μg/disc), ofloxacin (5 μg/disc), ceftriaxone (30 μg/disc), nalidixic acid (30 μg/disc), tobramycin (30 μg/disc), clindamycin (2 μg/disc) and cephalothin (30 μg/disc) (Oxoid) were placed on the cultured Mueller–Hinton agar and all media were incubated aerobically at 37°C for 24 hours. All examinations and also interpretation of the findings were performed according to the instructions and guidelines of the CLSI [37 ]. Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 was used as a control organism.

Safarpoor Dehkordi F., Tavakoli-Far B., Jafariaskari S., Momtaz H., Esmaeilzadeh S., Ranjbar R, & Rabiei M. (2020). Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in the high vaginal swab samples of fertile and infertile women: virulence factors, O-serogroups, and phenotyping and genotyping characterization of antibiotic resistance. New Microbes and New Infections, 38, 100824.

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Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling of Campylobacter jejuni

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The C. jejuni strains were tested against phenotypic resistance to five antimicrobial agents (ciprofloxacin, CIP, tetracycline, TET, gentamicin, GEN, ceftriaxone, AXO and erythromycin, ERY), (all Sigma-Aldrich, Saint-Louis, MO, United States) by the agar dilution method according the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines (CLSI, 2006 ). Mueller-Hinton agar (Oxoid) with dilutions ranging from 0.25 to 256 mg/L for ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, gentamicin, ceftriaxone and erythromycin was prepared. For each sample, 5 μl of approximately 1×10⁷ CFU/ml (OD₆₀₀ = 0.1) bacterial suspension dissolved in PBS (phosphate-buffered saline, Oxoid) was spotted onto Mueller-Hinton agar containing the corresponding antimicrobial agent and incubated at 37°C for 48 h. The experiment for all isolates was performed in triplicate. The MIC values were defined as the lowest concentration that produces complete inhibition of C. jejuni growth. For quality control, the reference strain C. jejuni NCTC 11168 was included. Following MIC interpretive criteria for resistance were used: erythromycin (≥32), tetracycline (≥16), ciprofloxacin (≥4), gentamicin (≥16) and ceftriaxone (≥16) (CLSI, 2006 ). Isolates showing resistance to three or more groups of antimicrobials were considered as multidrug resistant (MDR).

Aksomaitiene J., Ramonaite S., Tamuleviciene E., Novoslavskij A., Alter T, & Malakauskas M. (2019). Overlap of Antibiotic Resistant Campylobacter jejuni MLST Genotypes Isolated From Humans, Broiler Products, Dairy Cattle and Wild Birds in Lithuania. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 1377.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of E. coli

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After PCR validation, the E. coli suspensions were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing on Müller–Hinton agar using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method, in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines, using E. coli ATCC 25922 as an internal quality control. The antimicrobial disks used for the test included ampicillin (10 μg/disk), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (20/10 μg/disk), ceftriaxone (30 μg/disk), meropenem (10 μg/disk), aztreonam (30 μg/disk), gentamicin (10 μg/disk), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (1.25/23.75 μg/disk), amikacin (30 μg/disk), and ciprofloxacin (CIP) (5 μg/disk) (Oxoid Ltd., Hampshire, United Kingdom).

Zhang Y., Zhou J., Dong Z., Li G., Wang J., Li Y., Wan D., Yang H, & Yin Y. (2019). Effect of Dietary Copper on Intestinal Microbiota and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Escherichia coli in Weaned Piglets. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 2808.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiling of P. aeruginosa Isolates

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The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of P. aeruginosa clinical isolates was evaluated by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (Ilyas et al. 2016[14 ]) based on the zone of inhibition. The cultures were streaked on Mueller Hinton agar plates and incubated at 37 °C. The zone of inhibition was measured after cultures had been incubated overnight. The test was performed using standard antibiotic discs Ceftriaxone (30 μg), Gentamicin (10 μg), Ciprofloxacin (5 μg), Amikacin (30 μg), Amoxicillin clavulanic acid (30 μg) Ceftazidime (30 μg), Doripenem (10 μg), Meropenem (10 μg), Imipenem (10 μg) and Aztreonam (30 μg) (Oxoid).

Abdulhaq N., Nawaz Z., Zahoor M.A, & Siddique A.B. (2020). Association of biofilm formation with multi drug resistance in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. EXCLI Journal, 19, 201-208.

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Antibacterial Activity Screening of Extracts

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In this work, we used Bacillus cereus ATCC14579, Escherichia coli ATCC25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 (ATCC, USA) as gut pathogenic representatives for screening of antibacterial activity of the extracts using disc-diffusion and broth microdilution assays. For disc diffusion assay, a single colony of each bacteria was selected, sub-cultured into 5 mL NB (HiMedia, India), and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C. Each culture was then added into NSS until the turbidity reach McFarland’s standard No. 0.5. The inoculated NSS (approximately 1.5 × 10⁸ cells/mL) was swabbed on freshly prepared NA. Sterile 6 mm diameter filter paper discs (Whatman, UK) were impregnated with 2 and 5 mg extracts before placing on the bacterial swabbed NA. After the incubation at 37 °C for 24 h, the antibacterial activity was evaluated by measuring the IZD. We used ampicillin (10 μg/disc), ceftriaxone (30 μg/disc), chloramphenicol (30 μg/disc), and rifampicin (5 μg/disc) (Oxoid, UK) as positive controls for inhibition of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively.

Phonghanpot S, & Jarintanan F. (2021). Antiproliferative, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities of Bauhinia strychnifolia Craib aqueous extracts in gut and liver perspective. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 21, 276.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Enterobacteriaceae

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Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was carried out using Kirby Bauer’s Disc Diffusion method and interpreted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines (2018).
The following antibiotics for the Enterobacteriaceae were tested: Ceftriaxone (30μg), Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (25μg), Piperacillin-tazobactam (110 μg), Ticarcillin-clavulanate (85μg), Tetracycline (30μg), Amikacin (30μg), Gentamicin (10μg), Ciprofloxacin (5μg), Meropenem (10μg), Azithromycin (15μg), Chloramphenicol (30μg), Nitrofurantoin (300μg), Nalidixic acid (30μg), Ceftazidime (30μg) and Amoxicillin-clavulanate (30μg) (Oxoid, Basingstoke, Hants, UK). Quality control was ensured by using standard strains (Klebsiella pneumoniae, ATCC 700603 and Escherichia coli, ATCC 25922) in determining susceptibility or otherwise of stool isolates. The definition of multidrug resistance (MDR) was based on the resistance to three or more classes of antimicrobial agents [27 (link)].

Dela H., Egyir B., Majekodunmi A.O., Behene E., Yeboah C., Ackah D., Bongo R.N., Bonfoh B., Zinsstag J., Bimi L, & Addo K.K. (2022). Diarrhoeagenic E. coli occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases isolated from diarrhoea patients attending health facilities in Accra, Ghana. PLoS ONE, 17(5), e0268991.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of E. coli

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Antimicrobial susceptibility testing were done for all confirmed E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 isolates by using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique for the following 13 antimicrobial agents (Oxoid Ltd., Hampshire, UK): cefotaxime (CTX, 30 μg), ceftriaxone (CRO, 30 μg), ceftazidime (CTZ, 30 μg), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC, 20/10 μg), ampicillin (AMP, 10 µg), gentamicin (GEN,10 μg), ciprofloxacin (CIP, 5 μg), erythromycin (ERY, 15 μg), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT, 1.25/23.75 µg), tetracycline (TET,30 μg) Kanamycin (KAN, 30 µg), chloramphenicol (CHL, 30 µg), and spectinomycin (STR, 100 µg). First, the suspension was adjusted to 0.5 McFarland’s standard. This suspension was inoculated onto Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) and the above antimicrobial agents were placed using sterile forceps and pressed gently to ensure the contact of a medium. After overnight incubation of the plate at 37°C, the zone of inhibition was measured by using sliding calipers and interpreted by comparing the zone of inhibition with the Kirby–Bauer chart as recommended by CLSI guidelines.14
E. coli ATCC*25922 were used as control strains to monitor accuracy and precision of identification and susceptibility testing procedures.

Sebsibe M.A, & Asfaw E.T. (2020). Occurrence of Multi-Drug Resistant Escherichia Coli and Escherichia Coli O157:H7 in Meat and Swab Samples of Various Contact Surfaces at Abattoir and Butcher Shops in Jimma Town, Southwest District of Ethiopia. Infection and Drug Resistance, 13, 3853-3862.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Pathogens

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To test antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter spp., the broth microdilution method was used with 5 % sheep blood. For all other pathogens, antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined by the agar dilution method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) Guidelines, 2015 [20 ]. All isolates of Salmonella spp. were tested for their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, azithromycin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline (Oxoid); DEC were tested for ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, cefazolin, cefuroxime, imipenem, amikacin and gentamicin (Oxoid); Campylobacter spp. were tested for ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, tetracycline, erythromycin and doxycycline (Oxoid); and Aeromonas spp. were tested for cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, cefazolin, cefuroxime, imipenem, amikacin and gentamicin (Oxoid). ATCC 25922, 35218, 700603 and 27853 were used as quality control strains. Antibiotic susceptibility was interpreted according to CLSI guidelines, 2015 [20 ].

Tian L., Zhu X., Chen Z., Liu W., Li S., Yu W., Zhang W., Xiang X, & Sun Z. (2016). Characteristics of bacterial pathogens associated with acute diarrhea in children under 5 years of age: a hospital-based cross-sectional study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 16, 253.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Shigella in Somalia

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The choice of the antibiotics tested in this study was guided by clinical data on drugs used in the management of diarrheal diseases in Banadir Hospital, Somalia. To this end, we tested the antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella serogroups to six antibiotics: including ampicillin (10 μg), tetracycline (30 μg), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (1.25 μg), ciprofloxacin (30 μg), ceftriaxone (30 μg), and azithromycin (15 μg) (Oxoid, UK) using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. A bacterium suspension equivalent to 0.5 McFarland standard was prepared and inoculated on Mueller–Hinton agar (Merck, Germany). The plates were allowed to dry for 3–5 minutes, antimicrobial discs were placed on the medium, and subsequently, the culture plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. The minimum inhibition zones were determined and interpreted following the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, 2018) [11 ] guidelines, and Escherichia coli strain (ATCC 25922) was used as a quality control organism.

Ali Nor B.S., Menza N.C, & Musyoki A.M. (2021). Multidrug-Resistant Shigellosis among Children Aged below Five Years with Diarrhea at Banadir Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia. The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology = Journal Canadien des Maladies Infectieuses et de la Microbiologie Médicale, 2021, 6630272.

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