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11 protocols using allyl bromide

1

Hydrogenation of Organic Substrates

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Hydrogenations were performed with 5 g of
substrate and varying quantities of catalyst (trace to 7.5 g of dh-BN). Hydrogenations
were performed with 5 g of substrate and trace to 7.5 g of dh-BN. Trace quantities of dh-BN were introduced
into the reactor by suspending 1 g of dh-BN in 200
mL of dry acetone and pouring it over the milling media. The wet media
were then dried at 100 °C. The substrates investigated were as
follows: propene [1] (Worthington Industries, 95%), allyl bromide
(Fisher Scientific, 99%), allyl butyl ether (Sigma-Aldrich, 90%),
phenylethene (Acros Organics, 99%), cyclohexene [2] (Fisher Scientific),
octadec-1-ene [3] (Acros Organics 90%), d-limonene (Florida
Chemical, technical grade), 1,1-diphenylethene [4] (Sigma-Aldrich,
97%), (Z)-1,2-diphenylethene [5] (Alfa-Aesar 97%),
(E)-1,2-diphenylethene [6] (Sigma-Aldrich, 96%),
(E)-cinnamic acid [7] (Eastman, Practical Grade),
(9Z)-Octadec-9-enoic acid [8] (Fisher Scientific,
Lab Grade), benzylideneacetophenone [9] (Acros Organics, 97%), and
eugenol [10] (clove bud oil, Nature’s Alchemy, 80–90%).
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2

Synthesis of Ruthenium Catalysts and Ionic Liquids

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Chromium-coated tungsten
rods were purchased from R.D. Mathis, gold shot (99.99%) was acquired
from J&J Materials, and silicon (100) wafers were obtained from
WRS Materials. A Millipore Elix filtration system was used to produce
deionized water (≥10.0 MΩ).
The following chemicals
were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used without further modification:
3-bromopyridine, 4-mercapto-1-butanol (95%), dicyclopentadiene (98%),
Grubbs catalyst second generation [(H2IMes)(PCy3)(Cl)2Ru = CHph], and trans-3,6-endomethylene-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthaloyl
chloride (NBDAC). The following chemicals were purchased from Fisher
Scientific and used without further modification: allyl bromide (99%),
1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), 1,2-dimethylimidazole (98%, dMIm), ethanol
(200 Proof), methylene chloride (DCM), potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide
(KFSI), potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF6), and potassium
perchlorate (KClO4).
Grubbs third generation catalyst
([(H2IMes) (3-Br-py)2(Cl)2Ru = CHPh])
was synthesized as described by
Love et al.30 (link) 3-[(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)methyl]-1,2-dimethylimidazol-3-ium
hexafluorophosphate ([N1-dMIm][PF6]) was synthesized
as described by Njoroge et al.2 (link)
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3

Peptide Synthesis Protocol with Specialized Reagents

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Fmoc-protected PAL-PEG-PS resin was purchased from Applied Biosystems
(Foster City, CA). Standard Fmoc-protected amino acids were obtained from EMD
Biosciences (Gibbstown, NJ) and Peptides International (Louisville, KY),
Fmoc-D-Asp(Pip)OH was obtained from Bachem (King of Prussia, PA), and
Fmoc-Dap(Mtt)OH, Fmoc-Dab(Mtt)-OH and Fmoc-Orn(Mtt)-OH were obtained from EMD
Biosciences. Fmoc-NMe-Tyr(OtBu)-OH was
obtained from APPTec (Louisville, KY), and Tyr-OtBu was
obtained from EMD Biosciences. PyBOP and PyClocK were purchased from EMD
Biosciences. HOBt was purchased from Peptides International, and DIEA was from
Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ). Piperidine, THF and anhydrous acetonitrile
(SureSeal) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). All HPLC-grade
solvents (acetonitrile, DMF, DCM, EtOAc, hexane and methanol) used for amino
acid and peptide synthesis or HPLC analysis were obtained from Fisher
Scientific. TFA for HPLC purification and analysis was purchased from Pierce
(Rockford, IL); benzaldehyde and sodium cyanoborohydride from Sigma-Aldrich; and
phenylacetaldehyde, allyl bromide, allyl chloroformate and TIS were from Acros
Organics (Fairlawn, NJ).
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4

Synthesis and Characterization of Ionic Liquids

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The following reagents were used: 1-methylimidazole (Alfa Aesar, 99%), 1-vinylimidazole (Sigma-Aldrich, 99%), allyl bromide (BHD, 99%), diethyl sulfate (Acros Organics, 99%), sodium dicyanamide (Aldrich, ≥97%). The solvents used for reaction media and/or purification processes are the following: dichloromethane (Carlo Erba Reagents, 99.9%), ethanol (LabChem), acetone (LabChem), acetonitrile (Carlo Erba Reagents, 99.8%), diethyl ether (LabChem, 99.9%). The reagent sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate, and the ILs [EMIM][TfO], [EMIM][EtSO4], [BMIM][TfO], [BMIM][DCA], [C2OHMIM][TfO], and [C2OHMIM][DCA] were kindly provided by Solchemar company (Portugal). The purity of these ILs is greater than 98%, according to the supplier. The commercial lubricant PEG 200 is from FLUKA (Sigma-Aldrich), ref: 81150. The substrates used for tribological tests and contact angle measurements are silicon wafers b100N with 0.5 mm of thickness and a roughness below 0.1 nm. Stainless steel AISI 316L spheres with 3 mm of diameter were used as counter bodies.
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5

Chitosan Modification via Allylation

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Chitosan (molecular weight of 80 000; degree of acetylation (DA) of 0.15) was prepared from crab chitin (moisture 4.3%, ash content 1.8%, Xiamen Fine Chemical Import & Export Co., LTD, China) through solid-state synthesis in accordance with published procedure.54 (link) Allyl bromide (AB; 99%) of synthetic grade was purchased from Acros Organics (PubChem CID: 7841). Sodium hydroxide of analytical grade (microprills, 99%) was purchased from Merck KGaA (Germany).
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6

Synthesis and Characterization of Polymer Electrolytes

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All chemicals, if not specified otherwise, were used as received without further purification. Poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenyleneoxide) (PPO) (Mn = 20,000, Đ = 2.5) was purchased from Polysciences Inc. and dried under vacuum at 60 °C overnight before use. Methanol (99.9%), ethanol (99.9%) and chloroform (99.8%) were purchased from Fisher Scientific. N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) (99%), 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN) (98%), tetrahydrofuran (THF, ACS, >99%), diethyl ether (>99%), chloroform-d (CDCl3-d, 99.9% D), Irgacure® 2959, D2O (99.9% D) and 1,2-dichloroethane (99.8%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). Dimethyl sulfoxide-d6 (DMSO-d6, 99.9%), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP, reagent grade) were supplied from Acros Organics. Chlorobenzene (ACS reagent, ≥99.5%), diallymethylamine (97%) and piperidine (≥99%) were bought from ABCR GmbH. Allyl bromide (98%) and allyl chloride (98%) were bought from Alfa Aesar. The electrolytes MV and TMA-TEMPO were provided by JenaBatteries GmbH (Jena, Germany). FAA-3-50® was purchased from Fumatech BWT GmbH (Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany).
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7

Polymerization of Ionic Hydrogels

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Diallyldimethylammonium chloride (65 wt % in H2O) and triallylamine (99%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, and piperazine and D2O (99.9%) were obtained from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). Allyl bromide (99%), potassium carbonate (99%), methanol (99%), and 1,3-bis(4-piperidyl)propane (97+%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Kandel, Germany). The anion exchange-resin Lewatit Monoplus MP 800 was provided by Lanxess (Leverkusen, Germany). Chloroform (≥99%), acetone (≥99%), bidistilled water, potassium hydroxide, dichloromethane (≥99%), potassium persulfate, sodium metabisulphite, N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide and sodium hydroxide (97%) were obtained from VWR International GmbH (Darmstadt, Germany). All chemicals were used as received. Polyester filter bags with a maximum mesh size of 90 µm were purchased from Rosin Tech Products (Bethpage, NY, USA).
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8

Synthesis of Anion Exchange Resins

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The anion exchange-resin Lewatit Monoplus MP 800 was provided by Lanxess (Leverkusen, Germany). Double-distilled water, potassium hydroxide, chloroform (≥99%), acetone (≥99%), dichloromethane (≥99%), potassium persulfate, sodium metabisulphite, sodium hydroxide (97%) and N,N’-methylenebisacrylamide were obtained from VWR International GmbH (Darmstadt, Germany). Potassium carbonate (99%), allyl bromide (99%), methanol (99%) and 1,3-bis(4-piperidyl)propane (97+%) were obtained from Alfa Aesar (Kandel, Germany), diallyldimethylammonium chloride (65 wt% in H2O) and triallylamine (99%) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich. Piperazine, diallylamine (97%) and D2O (99.9%) were purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). The polyester filter bags with a maximum mesh size of 90 µm were bought from Rosin Tech Products (Bethpage, NY, USA).
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9

Synthesis and Characterization of PPO Polymers

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PPO (Mn 20,000 and Polydispersity ~2.5) was purchased from Polysciences, Inc. Chlorobenzene (ACS reagent, ≥99.5%), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP, reagent grade), tetrahydrofuran (THF, ACS, >99%), diethyl ether (>99%), 1,2-dichloroethane (99.8%), allyl bromide (98%), allyl chloride (98%) and chloroform (99.8%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Thermo Fisher, Kandel, Germany). Diallymethylamine (97%) and piperidine (≥99%) were bought from ABCR GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany). Dimethyl sulfoxide-d6 (DMSO-d6, 99.9%) was supplied from Acros Organics ((Thermo Fisher, Kandel, Germany). N-bromosuccinimide (NBS, 99%), 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN, 98%), methanol (99.9%) and chloroform-d (CDCl3-d, 99.9% D) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). 2-hydroxy-4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone (Irgacure D-2959) was bought from Ciba Specialty Chemicals Inc (Basel, Switzerland). Cellophane™ 350PØØ was purchased from Futamura Chemical Co. Ltd. (Hamburg, Germany). Celgard® membranes were kindly provided by Celgard, LLC (France). Zirfon® and PBI® were provided by AGFA Gevaert NV (Mortsel, Belgium) and Fumatech BWT GmbH (Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany), respectively. All chemicals were used without further purification.
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10

Synthesis of Functionalized Imidazolium Compounds

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1-methylImidazole (99%), 1,4-dibomobutane (98%), 1,6-dibromohexane (97%), dicyclopentadiene (95%), hydroquinone (99%), and dimethylacetamide (DMAc, 99.5%) were purchased from BeanTown Chemical (Hudson, NH, USA). Imidazole (99%) and Grubbs’ catalyst (G2, 97%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). 1,10-dibromodecane (97%), 1,2-dimethylImidazole (98%), and allyl bromide (99%) were purchased from AlfaAesar (Tewksbury, MA, USA). Lithium bistriflimide (LiTf2N) was purchased from 3M (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Ethyl vinyl ether (EVE, >98%) and sodium hydride (NaH, 60 wt% in mineral oil) were purchased from TCI (Portland, OR, USA). Dichloromethane (DCM), dimethylformamide (DMF) acetone, acetonitrile (ACN), diethyl ether (Et2O), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and hexanes were ACS Grade, and purchased from VWR (Atlanta, GA, USA). Unless otherwise noted, all the chemicals were obtained from commercial sources, and used as received.
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