The individual insecticides we tested were used in the form of the commercially available products in Hungary. Acetamiprid (Mospilan, Sumi Agro), thiamethoxam (Actara, Syngenta), clothianidin (Apacs, Arysta Life Science) and thiacloprid (Calypso, Bayer). The actual concentration of active ingredients was measured by HPLC/UV chromatography. All chemicals including the purified AChE obtained from electric eel (Electrophorus electricus) (type V-S), were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Germany).
Actara
Manufactured by Syngenta
Sourced in Canada, China, India
Actara is a broad-spectrum insecticide that provides effective control of a wide range of insect pests. It is designed for use in agricultural and horticultural applications.
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Lab products found in correlation
6 protocols using actara
1
Comparative Insecticide Efficacy Analysis
2
Pesticide and Chemical Analysis Protocol
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A 25% TMX (Actara®, Syngenta Canada Inc.) was purchased from a local pesticide market. LC was purchased from an Arab company for Pharmaceuticals and Medical Plants (Egypt). All other chemicals used in our experiment were of analytical grade.
3
Evaluation of Neonicotinoid Pesticide Toxicity
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Commercial formulations of imidacloprid (Confidor, 0.35% suspension concentration, Bayer CropScience,
www.cropscience.bayer.com ), acetamiprid (Aventis, 20% suspension powder, Bayer CropScience), and thiamethoxam (Actara, 25% wetable granule, Syngenta,
www.syngenta.com ) were used. Based on preliminary tests, graded concentrations of pesticides (20, 40, 80, 120, and 160 mg a.i./L for acetamiprid; 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 mg a.i./L for thiamethoxam; 53, 70, 105, 147, and 210 mg a.i./L for imidacloprid) were prepared with distilled water.
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Commercial formulations of imidacloprid (Confidor, 0.35% suspension concentration, Bayer CropScience,
4
Leaf-Dip Bioassays with Commercial Insecticides
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The commercial formulated insecticides used for leaf-dip bioassays were: imidacloprid (imidacloprid 10% WP, Shenyang Sciencreat Chemicals Co., Ltd, China); thiamethoxam (Actara 25% WG, Syngenta Crop Protection, Switzerland); nitenpyram (Cishen 10% SL, Guangxi Kangsaide Biotechnology Co., Ltd., China); chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 40% EC, Dow AgroSciences, USA); lambda-cyhalothrin (Jingbiao 2.5% EC, Syngenta Crop Protection, Switzerland); pymetrozine (Feineng 50% WP, Shaanxi Sunger Road Bio-Science Co., Ltd., China); abamectin (Yingli 2% CS, Hebei Veyong Bio-Chemical Co., Ltd., China); spirotetramat (Movento 22.4% SC, Bayer CropScience, German); cyantraniliprole (Benevia 10% OD, DuPont, USA); and sulfoxaflor (Transform 22% SC, Dow AgroSciences, USA).
5
Neonicotinoid Insecticide Analysis Protocol
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We used the formulated products of insecticides commercially available in Hungary, which contain neonicotinoids as their active ingredients (names in brackets): Actara (thiamethoxam) from Syngenta, Apacs (clothianidin) from Arysta Life Science, Calypso (thiacloprid) from Bayer and Kohinor (imidacloprid) from Makteshim Agan. The accurate concentrations of the active ingredients in solutions of each neonicotinoid product were confirmed by HPLC-UV chromatography.
The analytical standards of Pestanal grade were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), while the other chemicals: rhodamine B, verapamil hydrochloride and the chemicals for the Bradford assay (Bradford 1976) were purchased from SIGMA.
The analytical standards of Pestanal grade were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), while the other chemicals: rhodamine B, verapamil hydrochloride and the chemicals for the Bradford assay (Bradford 1976) were purchased from SIGMA.
6
Effectiveness of Insecticides in Oman
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Commercial insecticide formulations available in Oman were used. The insecticides used in the study were: Delta (deltamethrin) 2.5 EC from Arab Pesticides and Veterinary Drugs Mfg. Co, Jordan, Actara (thiamethoxam) 25 WG from Syngenta, India and Clipper (acetamiprid) 20 SL from Hexter chemicals Sdn. Bhd, Malaysia (Table 1). All preparations were made using deionized (DI) water as solvent. The concentrations (ai) used were: deltamethrin 1.11, 3.33, 10, 30 and 90 µg/mL; thiamethoxam 0.04, 0.12, 0.37, 1.11, 3.33, 10, 30 and 90 µg/mL; acetamiprid 0.37, 1.11, 3.33, 10, 30 and 90 µg/mL active ingredient. Five to eight concentrations were used for each insecticide to obtain mortality between 15 to 85%.
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