L carnitine inner salt

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in Germany

L-carnitine inner salt is a chemical compound that functions as a cellular energy regulator. It is commonly used in various laboratory applications and research settings.

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5 protocols using l carnitine inner salt

Extraction and Purification of l-Carnitine

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l-carnitine inner salt (Specific Rotation −28.5° to −31.5°, purity higher than 99%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). Orotic acid (purity higher than 99%) was kindly provided by J2H biotech. Co., Ltd. (Suwon, Korea), an active pharmaceutical ingredient manufacturing company. Methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), ethyl acetate (EA), methylene chloride (MC) were purchased from DaeJung Chem. Co. Ltd. (Siheung, Korea).

An J.H., Youn W., Kiyonga A.N., Lim C., Park M., Suh Y.G., Ryu H.C., Kim J.S., Park C.W, & Jung K. (2018). Kinetics of the Solution-Mediated Polymorphic Transformation of the Novel l-Carnitine Orotate Polymorph, Form-II. Pharmaceutics, 10(4), 171.

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Maturation of iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes

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Purified iPSC-CMs were digested as described in “Digestion of iPSC-CMs” section and cultured in maturation medium for 3 to 7 days. The maturation medium contained glucose free DMEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific), 10 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid) HEPES (Thermo Fisher Scientific), 2 mM l-carnitine inner salt (Sigma-Aldrich), 5 mM creatine (Sigma-Aldrich), 5 mM taurine (Sigma-Aldrich), 1 mM nonessential amino acid (Thermo Fisher Scientific), insulin-transferrin-selenium (Thermo Fisher Scientific), linoleic-oleic acid (Sigma-Aldrich), and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Table 1). iPSC-CMs cultured in maturation medium for 3 to 7 days were used for analysis of bioenergetics and immunostaining, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and Western blot, respectively, as described below.

Horikoshi Y., Yan Y., Terashvili M., Wells C., Horikoshi H., Fujita S., Bosnjak Z.J, & Bai X. (2019). Fatty Acid-Treated Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Human Cardiomyocytes Exhibit Adult Cardiomyocyte-Like Energy Metabolism Phenotypes. Cells, 8(9), 1095.

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Quantification of Fatty Acid Oxidation in Intestinal Crypts

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The FAO activity was determined by quantifying the radioactivity of final product generated from ³H-palmitate β-oxidation. Crypts were seeded in 24-well plates and treated with DMSO or 50 μM CA or 50 μM CA combined with 100 μM WY14643 for 6 days. Then the culture medium was changed to basic medium containing [9,10-³H]- palmitic acid (PerkinElmer, Inc.), L-carnitine inner salt (Sigma-Aldrich) and Na-palmitate (Sigma-Aldrich). After incubation for 4 h at 37 °C, 300 μL culture medium was collected and mixed with 1 mL activated charcoal to absorb remaining [9,10-³H]-palmitic acid. After shaking for 30 min, the mixture was centrifuged and 300 μL supernatant was collected and mixed with 1 mL of scintillation cocktail (China Isotope & Radiation Corp.). The radioactivity was then determined by scintillation counter (2450 Microplate Counter, PerkinElmer, Inc.).

Chen L., Jiao T., Liu W., Luo Y., Wang J., Guo X., Tong X., Lin Z., Sun C., Wang K., He Y., Zhang Y., Xu H., Wang J., Zuo J., Ding Q., He S., Gonzalez F.J, & Xie C. (2022). Hepatic cytochrome P450 8B1 and cholic acid potentiate intestinal epithelial injury in colitis by suppressing intestinal stem cell renewal. Cell stem cell, 29(9), 1366-1381.e9.

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Dose-dependent zebrafish embryo toxicity assay

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For dosage analyses, L-tyrosine disodium salt hydrate (T1145, Sigma), taurine (T0625, Sigma), L-carnitine inner salt (C0158, Sigma), and creatine monohydrate (C3630, Sigma) were all dissolved in water at a concentration of 250 mM and diluted appropriately to ensure that 1 ml of each chemical was added to 24 ml of embryo medium in a 90 cm petri dish. Thirty wildtype Tübingen embryos aged 28 h post fertilization (hpf) were dechorionated and placed in the petri dish. For control treatments, 1 ml of water alone was added to 24 ml of embryo medium. Zebrafish were treated from 28 hpf until 6 dpf. Treatments were changed daily and zebrafish were monitored for survival, heart rate, and swimming performance as indicators of toxicity. Four independent treatments were performed for tyrosine and three independent treatments were performed for taurine, L-carnitine, and creatine. The resting heart rates were measured at 2 dpf by counting the number of heart beats in 10 s. Heart rate measurements were performed in triplicate with 10 fish per experiment. For heart rate and swimming assays all treatments were blinded and randomized to avoid experimental bias. Once the testing and analyses were completed the treatments groups were revealed.

Sztal T.E., McKaige E.A., Williams C., Oorschot V., Ramm G, & Bryson-Richardson R.J. (2018). Testing of therapies in a novel nebulin nemaline myopathy model demonstrate a lack of efficacy. Acta Neuropathologica Communications, 6, 40.

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PCR Additive Optimization for Preamplification

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The effects of 18 different PCR additives on the preamplification reaction were evaluated (final tested concentrations are shown): 7-deaza-2′-deoxyguanosine 5′-triphosphate lithium salt (50 and 100 µM; Sigma-Aldrich), ammonium sulfate (10 and 15 mM; Sigma-Aldrich), betaine (0.25 and 0.50 M; Sigma-Aldrich), bovine serum albumin supplied at 20 mg/ml in 10 mM Tris-HCl, 100 mM KCl, 1 mM EDTA and 50% glycerol (1 and 2 µg/µl; Thermo Scientific), D-(+)-trehalose dehydrate (0.15 and 0.30 M; Sigma-Aldrich), dimethyl sulfoxide (1%; Sigma-Aldrich), dithiothreitol (1.5 and 3.0 mM; Life Technologies), formamide (0.5 M; Sigma-Aldrich), gelatin (0.01 and 0.10%; Sigma-Aldrich), glycerol (2.5 and 5.0%; Sigma-Aldrich), IGEPAL CA-630 (0.25 and 0.50%, Sigma-Aldrich), l-carnitine inner salt (0.25 and 0.50 M; Sigma-Aldrich), GenElute-LPA (50 and 100 ng/µl; Sigma-Aldrich), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid potassium salt (5 and 50 ng/µl; Sigma-Aldrich), tetramethylammonium chloride (30 and 60 mM; Sigma-Aldrich), Triton X-100 (0.2 and 0.4%; Sigma-Aldrich), TWEEN 20 (0.10 and 0.50%, Sigma-Aldrich) and yeast tRNA (50 and 100 ng/µl, Life Technologies).

Andersson D., Akrap N., Svec D., Godfrey T.E., Kubista M., Landberg G, & Ståhlberg A. (2015). Properties of targeted preamplification in DNA and cDNA quantification. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 15(8), 1085-1100.

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