Antibodies against phospho erk

Human recombinant TGF-β1 was obtained from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Delphinidin was provided by Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Inhibitors of ERK kinase (U0126), p38 (SB203580), and JNK (SP600125) were purchased from Calbiochem (Billerica, MA, USA) and were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. NF-κB inhibitor (BAY-11) was provided by Sigma and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. Antibodies against phospho-ERK, phospho-p38, phospho-JNK, p50, fibronectin, α-SMA, and β-actin were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).

Recombinant mouse granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (rmGM-CSF) was purchased from BioLegend (San Diego, CA, USA). The Annexin V/PI apoptosis detection kit was purchased from BD Biosciences (East Rutherford, NJ, USA). Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)- or phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated Abs—namely, FITC anti-mouse CD11c Abs (Clone: N418), PE anti-mouse CD80 Abs (Clone: 16-10A1), PE anti-mouse CD86 Abs (Clone: GL-1), PE anti-mouse H-2Kd/H-2Dd Abs (Clone: 34-1-2S), PE anti-mouse I-A/I-E Abs (Clone: M5/114.15.2), FITC anti-mouse IFN-γ Abs (Clone: XMG1.2), and PE anti-mouse IL-4 Abs (Clone: BVD4-1D11)—were purchased from BioLegend. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12p70 ELISA kits were purchased from eBioscience (San Diego, CA, USA). FITC-conjugated dextran was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The TLR agonists (viz., LPS from Escherichia coli O111:B4, Pam3CSK4, imiquimod, Poly I:C, and ODN1826) were purchased from Invivogen (San Diego, CA, USA). Antibodies against phospho-ERK, phospho-p38, phospho-JNK, IκBα, and β-actin were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). CFSE was purchased from Life Technologies (Eugene, OR, USA).

Recombinant murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rmGM-CSF) and rmIL-4 were purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN). Cytokine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for murine IL-12p70, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-1β, and IL-6 were purchased from R&D Systems. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)- or phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) used to detect the expression of CD11c (HL3), CD80 (16-10A1), CD86 (GL1), IAb β-chain (AF-120.1), and H2Kb (AF6-88.5) by flow cytometry, as well as isotype-matched control mAbs and the biotinylated anti-CD11c (N418) mAb, were purchased from R&D Systems. Antibodies against phospho-ERK, ERK, phospho-p38, phospho-JNK, and tubulin were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA).