Apoptosis of expanded cells was detected using Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit (BioVision Inc., Milpitas, CA). Briefly, 2 × 105 detached cells from each group (n = 3) were labeled with FITC conjugated annexin V and propidium iodide for 15 min. Samples were measured using FACS Calibur (BD Biosciences) and analyzed using the FCS Express software package (De Novo Software, Los Angeles, CA).
Expanded cells were incubated with 1 mM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at 37 °C for 1 h. To measure intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), cells were incubated with 1 μM 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) (Life Technologies) for 15 min. The plates were read on a FlUOstar OPTIMA (BMG Labtech Inc., Cary, NC) with an excitation wavelength of 485 nm and emission of 530 nm. Samples were assayed in triplicate.