Ecat exact hr scanner

Manufactured by Siemens

Sourced in Germany, United States, Sweden

The ECAT EXACT HR+ scanner is a high-resolution positron emission tomography (PET) imaging system designed for research and clinical applications. It features a large field-of-view, high-sensitivity detection, and advanced image reconstruction capabilities. The ECAT EXACT HR+ provides detailed visualization of physiological and metabolic processes within the human body.

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53 protocols using ecat exact hr scanner

Multimodal Neuroimaging of Brain Function

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MRI data were acquired on a 3-T Skyra VD13 (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) with a 32-channel head coil. BOLD fMRI parameters and a 3-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted Magnetization Prepared Rapid Acquisition Gradient Echo (MP RAGE) image were performed. FET-PET scans were performed on an ECAT EXACT HRþ scanner (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany).

Sebök M., van Niftrik C.H., Muscas G., Pangalu A., Seystahl K., Weller M., Regli L, & Fierstra J. (2021). Hypermetabolism and impaired cerebrovascular reactivity beyond the standard MRI-identified tumor border indicate diffuse glioma extended tissue infiltration. Neuro-oncology Advances, 3(1), vdab048.

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Cerebellar Diaschisis Diagnosis using FET-PET

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Historically, PET examinations are considered the clinical reference standard to diagnose CCD. Here, the presence of hypometabolism in the affected cerebellar hemisphere is considered pathognomonic for CCD [14 (link)–16 (link)]. For this study, FET-PET scans were performed according to our clinical standard on an ECAT EXACT HRþ scanner (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany). The scanner acquired 63 contiguous transaxial planes, simultaneously covering 15.5 cm of axial field of view. After a 15-min transmission scan (germanium-68 sources), a target dose of 185 MBq of FET was injected intravenously. PET acquisition in 3-dimensional mode was started 30–40 min after injection (128 _ 128 matrix). Data were reconstructed by filtered back projection using a Hann filter after correction for scatter and attenuation.
In a similar fashion as for the BOLD fMRI images, a CAI was determined for the FET-PET images. To allow for an optimal normalization of the PET images to MNI space, the PET images were first coregistered to the mean BOLD fMRI image, which was created during motion correction of the BOLD fMRI images. The normalization to MNI space was then done with the same SPM algorithm as for the BOLD fMRI images.

Sebök M., van Niftrik C.H., Halter M., Hiller A., Seystahl K., Pangalu A., Weller M., Stippich C., Regli L, & Fierstra J. (2020). Crossed Cerebellar Diaschisis in Patients with Diffuse Glioma Is Associated with Impaired Supratentorial Cerebrovascular Reactivity and Worse Clinical Outcome. Cerebellum (London, England), 19(6), 824-832.

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PET Imaging of Serotonin Transporter and Dopamine Transporter

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[¹¹C]DASB and [¹¹C]MRB were applied as recently described [3 (link),5 (link)]. After intravenous bolus injection (90 s) of mean (±SD) 484 ± 10 MBq [¹¹C]DASB and 359 ± 11 MBq [¹¹C]MRB, dynamic PET was performed (ECAT EXACT HR+ scanner; Siemens, Erlangen, Germany; intrinsic resolution at the center: 4.3 mm, full width at half maximum, axial resolution: 5–6 mm, FOV: 15.5 cm) with a 3D 90-min emission scan ([¹¹C]DASB; 23 frames: 4 × 0.25, 4 × 1, 5 × 2, 5 × 5, 5 × 10 min) or 120-min emission scan ([¹¹C]MRB; 26 frames: 4 × 0.25, 4 × 1, 5 × 2, 5 × 5, 8 × 10 min). A 10-min transmission scan (from three ⁶⁸Ga sources) was performed prior to the emission scan, used for attenuation correction. PET data were iteratively reconstructed (ordered subset expectation maximization, 10 iterations, 16 subsets) in transverse image series (63 slices, 128 × 128 matrix, voxel size 2.6 × 2.6 × 2.4 mm³) with a Hann filter (cut-off 4.9 mm).

Griebsch N.I., Kern J., Hansen J., Rullmann M., Luthardt J., Helfmeyer S., Dekorsy F.J., Soeder M., Hankir M.K., Zientek F., Becker G.A., Patt M., Meyer P.M., Dietrich A., Blüher M., Ding Y.S., Hilbert A., Sabri O, & Hesse S. (2022). Central Serotonin/Noradrenaline Transporter Availability and Treatment Success in Patients with Obesity. Brain Sciences, 12(11), 1437.

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FET PET Imaging Standardized Protocol

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PET scans were obtained with a ECAT EXACT HR+ scanner (Siemens AG, Erlangen, Germany) at the University Hospital of the Technical University of Munich. To achieve standardized metabolic conditions, patients had to fast for a minimum of 6 h before undergoing scanning. After a transmission scan with 68-Ge sources (duration 15 min), a target dose of 190 MBq of FET was injected. Dynamic studies were acquired up to 40 min after injection (128 × 128 matrix, 3-dimensional mode), comprising 16 timeframes (7 × 10 s, 3 × 30 s, 2 min, 3 × 5 min, and 2 × 10 min). Data were reconstructed by filtered back projection using a Hann filter with a cut-off frequency of 0.34 Nyquist and corrected for scattering and attenuation. For static data, mean tumor-to-background ratios (TBRmean) were calculated using a 30–40 min summed frame with a circular 1-cm region of interest (ROI)ac around the spot of highest tracer uptake and a contralateral background ROI according to standard criteria. Dynamic time–activity curves were determined in a 90% isocontour ROI around the hottest voxel as described previously [11 (link)]. Based on the time–activity curves, the time to peak (TTP) of the time activity curve was extracted.

Pyka T., Krzyzanowska I., Rominger A., Delbridge C., Meyer B., Boeckh-Behrens T., Zimmer C, & Gempt J. (2022). Multiparametric Characterization of Intracranial Gliomas Using Dynamic [18F]FET-PET and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Diagnostics, 12(10), 2331.

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PET Imaging of Glucose Metabolism

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2-deoxy-2-[¹⁸F]fluoro-D-glucose ([¹⁸F]FDG) was purchased from PETNET (Hackensack, NJ, USA). PET images were acquired on an ECAT EXACT HR+ scanner (Siemens/CTI, Knoxville Tenn.). After a transmission scan of 10 minutes, an IV infusion of 5 mCi of [¹⁸F]FDG was delivered in an eyes-open resting condition. Dynamic scans were acquired for 60 minutes with 26 frames of increasing duration (8 × .25 minutes, 6 × .5 minutes, 5 × 1 minute, 4 × 5 minutes, 3 × 10 minutes). Images were reconstructed to 128 × 128 matrix (pixel size 2.5 × 2.5 mm²). Reconstruction was performed from transmission data and scatter correction was performed using a model-based approach. The reconstruction and estimated image filters were Shepp 0.5 (2.5 full width half maximum, FWHM), Z filter was all pass 0.4 (2.0 FWHM) and the zoom factor was 4.0, leading to a final image resolution of 5.1 mm FWHM at the center of field of view.

Lan M.J., Ogden R.T., Kumar D., Stern Y., Parsey R.V., Pelton G.H., Rubin-Falcone H., Pradhaban G., Zanderigo F., Miller J.M., Mann J.J, & Devanand D.P. (2017). Utility of Molecular and Structural Brain Imaging to Predict Progression from MCI to Dementia. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, 60(3), 939-947.

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PET Imaging of Amyloid and Tau

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All PIB and FTP-PET scans were acquired at the Massachusetts General Hospital PET facility (ECAT EXACT HR+ scanner; Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) [26 (link), 38 (link)]; (acquisition parameters described in Supplementary Methods). Late-sum PIB and FTP-PET images were used to coregister the respective PET volumes to each subject’s native T1 using mri_coreg in FreeSurfer, prior to quantification.

Rodriguez-Vieitez E., Montal V., Sepulcre J., Lois C., Hanseeuw B., Vilaplana E., Schultz A.P., Properzi M.J., Scott M.R., Amariglio R., Papp K.V., Marshall G.A., Fortea J., Johnson K.A., Sperling R.A, & Vannini P. (2021). Association of cortical microstructure with amyloid-β and tau: impact on cognitive decline, neurodegeneration, and clinical progression in older adults. Molecular Psychiatry, 26(12), 7813-7822.

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PET Imaging of Amyloid and Tau

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In Vivo Quantification of D1 Receptors

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Scans were acquired in 3D mode with an ECAT EXACT HR+ scanner
(Siemens/CTI, Knoxville, TN). After a 10-min transmission scan for attenuation correction,
[¹¹C]NNC112 was injected intravenously as a bolus over 45
sec. Emission data were collected for 90 min. See the Online Resource text for additional information
regarding radiochemistry and PET acquisition. Arterial plasma input function measurements
were collected for kinetic analysis and estimation of the plasma free fraction
(f_p, fraction of [¹¹C]NNC112 in arterial plasma
not bound to protein) as previously described (Abi-Dargham
et al. 2000, 2012 (link)).

Thompson J.L., Rosell D.R., Slifstein M., Girgis R.R., Xu X., Ehrlich Y., Kegeles L.S., Hazlett E.A., Abi-Dargham A, & Siever L.J. (2014). Prefrontal Dopamine D1 Receptors and Working Memory in Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A PET Study with [11C]NNC112. Psychopharmacology, 231(21), 4231-4240.

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Amyloid PET Imaging Protocol Comparison

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Amyloid PET status was available in all subjects (n = 399). [18F]Florbetaben (n = 138), [18F]florbetapir (n = 1), [18F]flutemetamol (n = 138), or [11C]Pittsburgh compound B (PiB; n = 122) were used as radioactive amyloid tracers. A Medrad (Warrendale, PA) infusion system was used for tracer infusion. [18F]Florbetapir and [11C]PIB scans were acquired through 90-min dynamic scanning using a PET/CT Ingenuity TF or Gemini TF [Philips Medical Systems, Best, the Netherlands] ([18F]Florbetapir), and ECAT EXACT HR + scanner [Siemens/CTI, Knoxville, TN] ([11C]PIB). Scanning started simultaneously with tracer infusion at approximately 370 MBq [18F]florbetapir and 351 MBq [11C]PiB. [18F]Florbetaben and [18F]flutemetamol scans were acquired through 20-min static PET scanning using a PET/MR and Gemini TF-64 PET/CT scanner, Philips Medical Systems, respectively. Scanning started 90 min after tracer injection at approximately 250 MBq [18F]florbetaben and 180 MBq [18F]flutemetamol. Amyloid status was defined as either abnormal or normal after visual assessment by either one (ADC) or three experienced nuclear medicine physicians (preclinical AD project) where majority vote ruled.

Babapour Mofrad R., Scheltens P., Kim S., Kang S., Youn Y.C., An S.S., Tomassen J., van Berckel B.N., Visser P.J., van der Flier W.M, & Teunissen C.E. (2021). Plasma amyloid-β oligomerization assay as a pre-screening test for amyloid status. Alzheimer's Research & Therapy, 13, 133.

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Amyloid-β PET in Dementia Diagnosis

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Amyloid-β PET is not part of the standard diagnostic process in the Amsterdam Dementia Cohort, therefore most of the amyloid-β PET scans in our center are performed for research purposes. We only included scans with [¹¹C]-PIB, as clinically requested PET scans in our center are routinely performed using [¹¹C]-PIB as the radiotracer. These scans were performed using the following PET scanners: ECAT EXACT HR+ scanner (Siemens Healthcare, Germany) and Gemini TF PET/CT or Ingenuity TF PET-CT (Philips Medical Systems, the Netherlands). PET scans were performed within a median of 140 [IQR = 67, 260] days after LP. PET scans were rated as positive or negative based on visual read by an expert nuclear medicine physician [11 (link)]. Although intra-rater agreement was not available for this sample, in previous work using [¹¹C]-PIB PET, our nuclear medicine physician showed excellent (Fleiss k = 0.88) and good to moderate (Fleiss k = 0.59 and 0.68) inter-reader agreement for standardized uptake value (SUV), SUV ratio and non-displaceable binding potential images, respectively [18 (link)].

Reimand J., Groot C., Teunissen C.E., Windhorst A.D., Boellaard R., Barkhof F., Nazarenko S., van der Flier W.M., van Berckel B.N., Scheltens P., Ossenkoppele R, & Bouwman F. (2020). Why Is Amyloid-β PET Requested After Performing CSF Biomarkers?. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 73(2), 559-569.

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