Grass s48 stimulator

Manufactured by Natus

Sourced in United States

The Grass S48 stimulator is a laboratory device designed to generate electrical stimuli. It provides precise control over the timing, intensity, and frequency of electrical pulses for use in various experimental and research applications. The core function of the Grass S48 stimulator is to deliver controlled electrical stimulation to samples or subjects under investigation.

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Lab products found in correlation

Labchart 7, by ADInstruments (2 mentions) Orca flash 4.0 scmos camera, by Hamamatsu Photonics (1 mentions) Series 300b, by Aurora Scientific (1 mentions) Axoclamp 2b amplifier, by Molecular Devices (1 mentions) Grass model ccu1, by Natus (1 mentions) Model 403a, by Aurora Scientific (1 mentions) Krebs henseleit solution, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Powerlab, by ADInstruments (1 mentions) Clampfit 10, by Molecular Devices (1 mentions) Digidata 1300 series, by Molecular Devices (1 mentions) Panlab, by ADInstruments (1 mentions) Radiance 2100, by Bio-Rad (1 mentions) Fluo 4 am, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Caffeine, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Powerlab 4 30 data acquisition system, by ADInstruments (1 mentions) Matlab, by MathWorks (1 mentions) Ccu1 constant current unit, by Natus (1 mentions) Acqknowledge 3, by Biopac (1 mentions) Ced 1401 analogue to digital converter, by Cambridge Electronic Design (1 mentions) Ml866 powerlab, by ADInstruments (1 mentions)

23 protocols using grass s48 stimulator

High-throughput voltage screening of GEVIs

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High-throughput voltage screening (Fig. 1B) was performed on a custom-built platform described previously (18 (link)). A white light source pE-4000 (CoolLED, UK) was used for sample illumination. For imaging Ace-mNeon, we used a 472/30 nm excitation filter, 495 nm dichroic mirror, and 520/35 nm emission filter (Semrock). For VARNAM and mCherry (reporter fluorophore in Ace-mNeon constructs), we used a 560/40 nm excitation filter, 585 nm dichroic mirror, and 630/75 nm emission filter (Chroma Technologies Corporation). mCerulean reporter in the VARNAM constructs was imaged using a 455/40 nm excitation filter, 458 nm dichroic mirror, and 480/30 nm emission filter (Semrock). After identifying transfected cells in the reporter channel, time-series fluorescence images were captured in the respective GEVI channels using ORCA Flash4.0 sCMOS camera (Hamamatsu) at 50 Hz. A single pulse of 60 V/0.5 ms was applied using a Grass S48 Stimulator, 1 s after baseline fluorescence acquisition (F₀). % change in fluorescence at time t was obtained using the formula

\frac{Δ F}{F_{0}} % = \frac{F (t) - F_{0}}{F_{0}} \times 100

Platform automation, sample illumination, data acquisition and parallel data analysis were controlled using custom-written virtual instruments in LabView^®.

Kannan M., Vasan G., Haziza S., Huang C., Chrapkiewicz R., Luo J., Cardin J.A., Schnitzer M.J, & Pieribone V.A. (2022). Dual-polarity voltage imaging of the concurrent dynamics of multiple neuron-types. Science (New York, N.Y.), 378(6619), eabm8797.

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Psychomotor Seizure Thresholds Evaluation

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The psychomotor seizure thresholds were examined using square-wave alternating current stimuli (0.2-ms duration pulses at 6 Hz for 3 s) delivered via saline-soaked corneal electrodes by a Grass S48 stimulator coupled with a constant current unit CCU1 (both from Grass Technologies, West Warwick, RI, USA). Ocular anesthesia and observation arena were made as described in above section. The seizures induced by 6 Hz stimulation were characterized by immobility or stun posture, which was frequently followed by rearing, forelimb clonus, twitching of the vibrissae and elevated or Straub tail (Barton et al. 2001 (link); Barton et al. 2003 (link)). Renewal of normal exploratory behavior or the absence of the features listed above within 10 s after stimulation were considered as the lack of seizures. The ‘up-and-down’ method described by Kimball et al. (1957 ) was used in order to choose the current intensity. Data obtained in groups of 19–20 animals were used to determine the threshold current causing 6 Hz-induced seizures in 50 % of mice (CC₅₀ with confidence limits for 95 % probability).

Sałaga M., Fichna J., Socała K., Nieoczym D., Pieróg M., Zielińska M., Kowalczuk A, & Wlaź P. (2016). Neuropharmacological characterization of the oneirogenic Mexican plant Calea zacatechichi aqueous extract in mice. Metabolic Brain Disease, 31, 631-641.

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Diaphragm Muscle Force Generation

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To assess diaphragm specific force generation, muscle strips were dissected from the left mid-costal portion of the diaphragm and mounted in water jacketed glass organ baths filled with Krebs-Henselheit solution as previously described (Supinski et al., 2015 (link), 2016a (link); Supinski and Callahan, 2014 (link); Supinski et al., 2014 ). One end of each strip was tied to the base of the organ bath and the other to a force transducer (Scientific Instruments, Heidelberg, Germany). Supramaximal currents from a biphasic constant current amplifier connected to a Grass S48 stimulator (Grass, West Warwick, Rl, USA) were delivered using platinum mesh field electrodes. After a 15 minute equilibration period, muscle length was adjusted to L_o, and strips were sequentially stimulated with trains of 1, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 150 Hz. stimuli (train duration 800 msec, 30 sec between adjacent trains) with force recorded with a Kipp-Zonen chart recorder (Bohemia, NY, USA). Muscle specific force generation was determined using the method of Close (Close, 1972 (link)). The total weight of the costal diaphragm was determined by adding the weight of the strips used for the force frequency curve to the weight of the remaining muscle. Diaphragm tissue not used for force frequency determinations was frozen, stored at −80°C and subsequently used for assays.

Supinski G.S., Wang L., Schroder E.A, & Callahan L.A. (2019). Taurine Administration Ablates Sepsis Induced Diaphragm Weakness. Respiratory physiology & neurobiology, 271, 103289.

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Isometric Force Measurement of Soleus Muscle

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Wild-type mice were euthanized by isoflurane overdose, confirmed by cervical dislocation. Soleus muscles were isolated and the tendons at the muscle–tendon junction were tied with 4–0 silk suture as close as possible to the muscles to reduce contributions of extramuscular connective tissue. The muscles were attached to an inflexible hook at one end and to a servomotor length and force controller (Aurora Scientific, Inc., Series 300B, Aurora, ON Canada) at the other. Muscles were placed in an experimental chamber filled with mammalian Krebs–Ringer solution (in mM: 137 NaCl, 5 KCl, 1 NaH₂PO₄, 24 NaHCO₃, 2 CaCl₂, 1 MgSO₄, and 11 dextrose, pH 7.4; buffered with 95% O₂ and 5% CO₂) at 22 °C.
Stimulation was achieved using two platinum electrodes placed parallel to the muscle in the chamber. For maximal tetanic stimulation, square wave pulses at 60 V were delivered to the muscles at a frequency of 75 Hz using a Grass S48 stimulator. To determine optimal muscle length (L₀), muscles were activated using maximal tetanic stimulation and muscle length was adjusted until maximum isometric force was established. Maximum isometric force at L0, measured at the end of the experiments, was > 91.3 ± 2.2% of the maximum isometric force at L0 measured at the beginning of the experiments for all muscles.

Jeong S, & Nishikawa K. (2023). Effects of shortening velocity on the stiffness to force ratio during isometric force redevelopment suggest mechanisms of residual force depression. Scientific Reports, 13, 948.

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Diaphragm Muscle Tension Modulation

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Mice were euthanized with an overdose of isoflurane (via inhalation). The
hemidiaphragms and corresponding phrenic nerves were carefully removed and
mounted under a tension of 5 g in 5 mL organ baths containing Tyrode solution
(composition in nM: NaCl 137, KCl 2.7, CaCl₂ 1.8, MgCl₂0.49, NaH₂PO₄ 0.42, NaHCO₃ 11.9 and glucose
11.1) gassed with 95% O₂ and 5% CO₂ at 37^oC.
The muscles were indirectly stimulated (nerve-evoked contractions; 0.1 Hz, 0.2
ms, supramaximal voltage; Grass S48 stimulator). The resulting muscle tension
was recorded using a force displacement transducer (BG 25 GM Kulite) coupled to
a Gould RS 3400 recorder. The preparations were allowed to stabilize for at
least 15 minutes before the addition of bufotenine (21 and 210 μg/mL).

Vigerelli H., Sciani J.M., Pereira P.M., Lavezo A.A., Silva A.C., Collaço R.C., Rocha T., Bueno T.C, & Pimenta D.C. (2020). Bufotenine, a tryptophan-derived alkaloid, suppresses the symptoms and increases the survival rate of rabies-infected mice: the development of a pharmacological approach for rabies treatment. The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases, 26, e20190050.

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Electrophysiological Profiling of Mouse Colon

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Distal colon segments isolated from WT and TLR2/4^−/− mice were opened into flat sheet preparations by cutting parallel to the direction of the longitudinal muscle, close to the mesenteric border. Mucosal layers were then carefully removed by sharp dissection and the remaining tunica muscularis pinned, circular muscle layer uppermost, to the Sylgard-lined base of a small (40 mm diameter) recording chamber. Colon segments were superfused with Krebs solution constantly bubbled with a mixture of 95% O₂ and 5% CO₂ and maintained at 36.0 °C ± 0.5 °C.
Membrane potentials were recorded via high-resistance (80–120 MΩ) electrodes filled with 3 M KCl. Analogue voltage signals were pre-amplified by an Axoclamp-2B amplifier, digitized and relayed to a PC computer running Axoclamp 9.0 software (Axon Instruments; now Molecular Devices). Pulses of EFS (0.5 ms duration square wave pulses; 1 to 20 Hz in 1 s trains) were generated by a Grass S48 stimulator and delivered to distal colon segments via platinum stimulating wires positioned across preparations.

Beckett E.A., Staikopoulos V, & Hutchinson M.R. (2018). Differential effect of morphine on gastrointestinal transit, colonic contractions and nerve-evoked relaxations in Toll-Like Receptor deficient mice. Scientific Reports, 8, 5923.

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Investigating Inhibitory Mechanisms in LMMP

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To study inhibitory mechanisms in the LMMP, each tissue was first pre-contracted with histamine (1 μM) to induce sustained baseline resting tension. Relaxation responses were expressed as a percentage decrease in histamine-induced tone. Neurogenic relaxations (scopolamine, 1 μM present) were induced by brief trains of transmural electrical stimuli (20 Hz, 0.5 ms pulse duration, 1 s train duration, 0.25 Hz train rate, 45 mA) using a constant current unit (Stimu-Splitter II Med-Lab, Inc. Loveland, CO USA). To determine the action of antagonists on relaxations, non-cumulative concentration response curves were created with a 15 minute interval between successive doses.
Single electrical stimuli (0.1 Hz, 0.5 ms, 45 mA) were used to evoke neurogenic cholinergic contractions (scopolamine free Krebs solution). Trains of stimuli (20 Hz, 1 s, 0.5 ms pulse duration, 45 mA, 0.25 Hz train rate) were used to evoke non-cholinergic contractions (scopolamine, 1 μM present). To test the effect of antagonists on both kinds of contraction, non-cumulative concentration response curves were created with a 15 minute interval between addition of successive antagonist concentrations.
Transmural electrical stimuli were provided by a Grass S48 stimulator and mechanical activity of the LMMP was recorded using Labscribe software (iWorx, Dover, NH, USA) and a personal computer.

Rodriguez-Tapia E.S., Naidoo V., DeVries M., Perez-Medina A, & Galligan J.J. (2017). R-type Ca2+ channels couple to inhibitory neurotransmission to the longitudinal muscle in the guinea pig ileum. Experimental physiology, 102(3), 299-313.

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Repeated Electroconvulsive Stimuli in Mice

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Electroconvulsive stimuli (0.75-ms duration pulses at 100 Hz for 0.5 s, current intensity 10–16 mA) were delivered via saline-soaked corneal electrodes using a Grass model CCU1 constant current unit coupled to a Grass S48 stimulator (Grass Technologies, Warwick, RI, USA). Before stimulation, the corneal electrodes were wetted with saline to provide good electrical contact. The criterion for successful ECS was the presence of generalized tonic–clonic convulsions lasting for 5–10 s. To prevent death due to respiratory failure, mice were placed to a box filled with pure oxygen for 3 min before the ECS and immediately after the ECS. Despite oxygen supply, several mice died after seizure. Mice from the sham (control) group were subjected to the same procedures but without delivering the electric current. The animals were subjected to the ECS every other day for 2 weeks, with a total of seven treatments. Behavioral tests were performed 24 h after the last ECS.

Socała K., Nieoczym D., Wyska E, & Wlaź P. (2016). Effect of sildenafil on the activity of some antidepressant drugs and electroconvulsive shock treatment in the forced swim test in mice. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 390(4), 339-349.

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Isometric Force Measurement of Engineered Muscle Fibers

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Isometric force measurement was performed on day 14–16 of in vitro culture and compared to rat neonatal forearm muscles. Individual native or engineered muscle fibers (n = 4) were attached to a force transducer (Model # 403A, Aurora Scientific) on one end and at the other end to a stainless steel pin between two carbon electrodes for electrical field stimulation. The tissue was suspended in an organ bath filled with Krebs Henseleit solution (Sigma Aldrich). The solution was oxygenated with 100% O2 and maintained at 37°C using a heating bath circulator (Lauda E100, Germany). After applying pretension of 150–180 mg, the tissue was allowed to equilibrate for 10 minutes. The maximum contractile forces were measured at 120 Hz, 60 V, 50ms duration and 1,5 second train duration. Electrical stimulation was provided with a Grass S48 stimulator (Grass Technologies) and recording of the force measurement was performed using Power Lab (AD Instruments).

Jank B.J., Xiong L., Moser P.T., Guyette J.P., Ren X., Leonard D.A., Fernandez L, & Ott H.C. (2015). Engineered Composite Tissue as a Bioartificial Limb Graft. Biomaterials, 61, 246-256.

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Electrophysiology of Antral Slow Waves

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Antral muscles were pinned to the Sylgard elastomer floor of a recording chamber and perfused with 37°C Krebs-Ringer buffer. Circular muscle cells were impaled with KCl-filled glass microelectrodes (50–100 MΩ). Transmembrane potentials were measured using an amplifier (Axon Instruments, Sunnyvale, CA) and digitized (Digidata 1300 series; Axon Instruments). Slow waves were recorded from nine mapped regions of each antrum. Measurements of resting membrane potential (RMP), amplitude, frequency, half-maximal duration, and interslow wave period (ISWP) were made using Clampfit 10.0 (Axon Instruments).
Postjunctional neural responses were recorded in response to electrical field stimulation (0.3-ms pulse duration, 1–20 Hz, train durations of 1 s, 10–15 V) delivered by a Grass S48 stimulator (Grass Instruments, Quincy, MA).

Blair P.J., Hwang S.J., Shonnard M.C., Peri L.E., Bayguinov Y., Sanders K.M, & Ward S.M. (2019). The Role of Prostaglandins in Disrupted Gastric Motor Activity Associated With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes, 68(3), 637-647.

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