Magnesium sulfate

Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene, 99% (Fushimi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Marugame, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan). 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, 98%; allylamine, 98%; magnesium sulfate, anhydrous, ≥99.5%; dichloromethane, ≥99.5%; chloroform, anhydrous, ≥99%; tetrahydrofuran, anhydrous, ≥99.9%; sodium, 99.9%; ethanol, anhydrous, ≥99.5%; toluene, anhydrous, 99.8%; hexane, anhydrous, 95% (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA).

Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate, triethylamine, N, N-Dimethylethylenediamine, β-Propiolactone, tert-butyl bromoacetate, barium chloride, magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride hexahydrate, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4, 10 mM, 138 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl), HEPES buffer, diethyl ether, ethyl alcohol, acetonitrile and dichloromethane (DCM) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. 2-chloro-4, 6-dimethoxy-1, 3, 5-triazine (CDMT), N-methylmorpholine (NMM), 1, 3-propanesultone and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) were purchased from the Alfa Aesar. All the sodium alginates including VLVG (>60% G, 25 kDa MW), SLG20 (>60% G, 75–220 kDa MW), and SLG100 (>60% G, 200–300 kDa MW), were purchased from FMC BioPolymer Co. (Philadelphia, PA). Cyano-functionalized silica was purchased from SiliCycle. Rabbit anti-insulin antibodies (Cat. #ab63820) was purchased from Abcam, and Alexa Fluor 594-conjuaged donkey anti-rabbit igG (Cat. #A-21207) was purchased from Invitrogen. α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) (Cat. #C6198) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, and anti-mouse CD68 (Cat. #137012) was purchased from BioLegend. Anti-mouse F4/80 (Cat. MF48000) was purchased from ThermoFisher, and anti-CD11b (Cat. #ab133357) was purchased from Abcam. Anti-mouse Ly-6G/Ly-6C (Cat. #108419) was purchased from BioLegend. Proteome profiler array kit (Mouse Cytokine Array Panel A; Cat. #ARY006) was purchased from R&D Systems.

Casamino acids and yeast extract were purchased from Merck A/S (Hellerup, Denmark). The following chemicals were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA): ammonium acetate, acetic acid, glucose, potassium phosphate, methylamine, ammonium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, ferric chloride, manganese(II) chloride, zink sulfate, copper sulfate, vanadyl sulfate, sodium molybdate, sodium tetraborate decahydrate, calcium chloride, and saccharose. Methanol and Chloroform (both HPLC-grade) were purchased from Rathburn (Walkerburn, Scotland). Main polar lipid (Hex-GDGT-PG) from Thermoplasma acidophilum was purchased from Matreya LLC (State College, PA, USA) and internal lipid standard PI 17:0/14:0 and IS PE O-20:0/O-20:0 were purchased from Avanti Polar lipids (Alabaster, AL, USA).

All chemicals were of analytical reagent grade. Deionized water (18.2 MΩ cm, Labconco, USA), LC-MS-grade methanol, and acetonitrile (MeCN) from Sigma (Milwaukee, USA) were used throughout.
The following Sigma-Aldrich reagents were used: potassium dichromate (Cr(VI)), formic acid, nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium hypochlorite. Stock standard solution of chromium (1000 mg/L) was from Sigma and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) internal standard mix was from Agilent Technologies.
Hoagland's nutrient solution containing calcium nitrate 0.35 mM, calcium chloride 2.1 mM, magnesium sulfate 0.91 mM, monobasic potassium phosphate 0.97 mM, potassium nitrate 1.22 mM, boric acid 23 μM, manganese chloride 3.9 μM, molybdenum trioxide 23 μM, ferric nitrate 10 μM, zinc nitrate 0.6 μM, and copper sulfate 0.44 μM, pH 5.8, was prepared from Sigma reagents [22 ].
Sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus L.) were purchased at a local garden market as a product of Vita company, distributed in Mexico by Rancho de Molinos, S.A. de C.V.

Ethylenediamine, methyl acrylate, methanol, ethanol, toluene, pyridine, acetic anhydride, chloroform, hexanes, hydrochloric acid, magnesium sulfate, α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, Lugol’s iodine, glacial acetic acid, N-acetyl-D-penicillamine, and Ellman’s reagent were all purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). ATTO-TAG^TM FQ reagent was purchased from Invitrogen (Grand Island, NY, USA). Tert-butyl nitrite (90% technical grade, Acros Organics) was purchased from Fisher Scientific. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (M_W 233,000, M_n = 99,000) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).