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19 protocols using g1063

1

Evaluating Cell Proliferation and Migration

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Assaying cell proliferation required seeding transfected cells at a density of 1000 cells per well in 96-well plates (Corning, NY, U.S.A.). Cell viability was determined by the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) system (Vazyme, A311-01) after seeding at 0, 1, 2, 3,4 and 6 days after seeding. In a nutshell, the plate was incubated at 37°C for two hours in dark after adding 10 μl of CCK8 solution to each well. Microplate readers (BioTek, USA) were used to measure absorbance at 450 nm.
For the wound healing assay, cells were inoculated in 6-well plates, a scratch wound was created with a sterile 10 μl pipette tip after cell growth fusion up to 100% and floating cells were removed by washing with 1 × PBS. Photographs were taken under a 100× inverted microscope at 0 h, 24 h, and 48 h after scratching.
Transwell assay was used to measure cell migration. Cells were inoculated into transwell chambers at a density of 2*10^5 in 200ul of serum-free medium according to different groups, and then the chambers were placed in 24-well plates with 500ul of medium containing 10% serum. After incubation at 37 °C, 5% CO2 for 24h, the chambers were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (Biosharp, BL539A), stained with 0.1% crystal violet stain solution (Solarbio, G1063), and photographed under the microscope.
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2

Simvastatin Inhibits and Disrupts Biofilms

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The inhibition of biofilm formation by simvastatin and the disruption of mature biofilms of S. epidermidis and S. aureus were then examined by 0.1% (wt/vol) crystal violet staining (Solarbio G1063, China) and bacterial live-dead staining (Invitrogen L13152, USA) using confocal laser-scanning microscopy (Zeiss 800. Germany). The intensity of crystal violet staining was evaluated by optical density (OD) value at 595 nm (OD595) using microplate reader (Tecan Infinite 200 PRO, Switzerland) [21 (link),23 (link)]. The OD595 of the biofilm in the group not treated with simvastatin was treated as a control (inhibition and disruption rates were 0%), and the inhibition and disruption rates of groups treated with different concentrations of simvastatin were then calculated.
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3

Cell Invasion Assay Protocol

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Cell invasion experiments were performed using a Transwell chamber (BD Biosciences), containing 12 mol/l polycarbonate membrane per well. Extracellular matrix (ECM) was diluted in serum-free DMEM at a proportion of 1:7 and placed in an incubator at 37°C for 15 min to solidify. The cells were then rinsed with PBS 2 times, treated with 0.25% trypsin, and centrifuged at room temperature at 201 × g, and the cell concentration was adjusted to 2.5×104 cells/ml with serum-free phenolred free DMEM (high glucose). The lower chamber of the Transwell was filled with 200 µl serum-free medium, while the upper chamber was filled with cell suspensions from each group at 1×104 and 200 µl serum-free medium (DMEM, adding 5 U/l insulin). Five duplicate wells were set in each group. The Transwell chamber was cultured in a 5% CO2 incubator at 37°C with 95% humidity in the air for 48 h. The polycarbonate membrane was then cut off, and the bottom of the membrane was fixed with acetone at 4°C for 5 min and dyed with 0.1% crystal violet (G1063; Solarbio, Beijing, China) at room temperature for 1 h. The number of cells in the top, bottom, middle, left and right visual fields of the polycarbonate membrane was counted using a microscope (TE2000; Nikon) with a 20X objective view field, and the average number was calculated and recorded.
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4

Transwell Co-Culture Assay for Angiogenesis

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MSCs were inoculated in the lower chamber of Transwell (24-well plate, 8.0 μm, Jet Bio-Filtration) at a density of 30%–40%, and were transfected with different adenoviruses. The medium was changed on the second day of infection. When the MSC cell density reached 100%, the old medium was removed and washed 3 times with PBS, replace with fresh complete medium containing 5% FBS; replace the negative control group with serum-free complete medium, and replace the positive control group with complete medium containing 15% FBS. At the same time 2.5 × 104 HUVECs were seeded in the upper chamber of the Transwell. After culturing for 12 h, the upper chamber was taken out, the cells on the upper membrane were gently removed with a cotton swab, and then the upper chamber was fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min. The cells on the bottom membrane were stained with 0.1% crystal violet staining solution (G1063, Solarbio, China) as previously reported.40 (link)
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5

Cell Migration Assay Protocol

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The cells were collected, and 200 μL of the cells diluted to 1.0×105 cells/mL with serum-free DMEM/F12 medium was inoculated into the upper chamber of Transwell (pore size: 8 μm). The DMEM/F12 medium containing 10% FBS was then added to the lower chamber. The chamber was placed in a 37° C CO2 incubator for 24 hours. Then the cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 minutes, and stained with 0.1% crystal violet (G1063, Solarbio, China) in the dark for 20 minutes. The cells left in the upper chamber were wiped away with a cotton swab. The migrated cells were photographed using Nikon Ts2FL microscope (×200).
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6

Colorimetric Assay for HepG2 Cell Viability

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HepG2 Cells (2000 cells per well) were seeded in 35 mm plates and incubated at 37 °C [43 (link)]. After overnight incubation, cells were treated with 200 μM I3C for 12 h. After replacing the medium, cells were incubated for 10 days. Plates were rinsed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, P1022, Solarbio, Beijing, China) and 2 mL of fixation reagent methanol was added for 15 min. Next, the cells were washed with PBS again and stained with 0.1% crystal violet (G1063, Solarbio, Beijing, China) for 10 min at room temperature. Plates were imaged using a digital camera (D7500, Nikon, Tokyo, Japan).
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7

Evaluating 4T1 Cell Migration

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The concentration of 4T1 cells was adjusted to 2 × 106 cells/ml and 100 µl cell suspension was seeded into transwell inserts (3422, Corning). The outer well was filled with complete medium with or without exosomes. After incubation for 12 h, the permeable supports were fixed and stained with 0.1% crystal violet (G1063, Solarbio). Take pictures under a microscope and the analysis was performed with Image J software.
For wound healing assays, 2 × 105 4T1 cells were seeded into 24-well plate. When the confluence of cells was close to 90%, a straight scratch wound was created with a sterile pipette tip. Then the width of the scratch was measured at 0 h, 12 h and 24 h.
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8

Culturing Human Colon Cancer and Hepatic Stellate Cells

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Two types of human colon cancer cells and hepatic stellate cells (Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China) were cultured using Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, HyClone) or Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium (RPMI, HyClone) 1640, respectively. The media were supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Gibco) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco 15,140–122). Cell lines were washed with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) (HyClone), and the medium was replaced with fresh culture medium when the cells were passaged and seeded on plates (BEAVER, Cat. 40,106). Cells were stored at −80°C in DMSO (MP, CAS 67–68-5) and culture medium. A crystal violet staining solution (Solarbio, G1063) was used for cell counting. The small animal irradiating apparatus was used for cell irradiation.
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9

Transwell Migration and Invasion Assay

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1 × 105 cells suspended in medium without serum at a concentration of 100 µL were added to the upper chamber of a Transwell apparatus, and 750 µL serum-containing medium was introduced into the lower chamber. Three biological replicates for each condition were included. Plates were incubated for 12–16 h and the chambers were removed. The filter was fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (BL539A, Biosharp, Beijing, China) and incubated with 800 µL of 0.5% crystal violet (G1063, Solarbio, Beijing, China) solution for 15 min under dark conditions. Samples were observed using an inverted microscope. Each sample was randomly examined in five different fields of view, and the numbers of cells passing through the filtration membrane were counted. For invasion assays, Matrigel (Corning, NY, USA) diluted 1:8 with serum-free medium was introduced into the lower chamber and incubated for 5 h in a 37 °C incubator. The cells were then evaluated as described above.
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10

Colony Formation Assay for Cell Proliferation

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To detect cell proliferation after the different treatments, with either PTX (25 nM, 50 nM) or PMGS (2 mg/mL) alone or in combination, a colony formation assay was performed. The cells (2 × 103/well) were seeded into 6-well plates; then, a fresh culture medium with the different treatments was added and replaced every 3 days for approximately 12 days until the colonies contained over 50 cells. The colonies were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (P1110, Solarbio, Beijing, China) and stained with 0.1% crystal violet (G1063, Solarbio). The colony formation number was quantified using ImageJ software (version 1.52a, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA).
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