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Deadend fluorometric tunel assay kit

Manufactured by Promega
Sourced in United States

The DeadEnd Fluorometric TUNEL assay kit is a laboratory tool designed to detect and quantify apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death, in cell samples. The kit utilizes the TUNEL (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling) method to label DNA strand breaks, which are characteristic of cells undergoing apoptosis. The assay provides a fluorometric-based detection system for the quantification of these DNA strand breaks.

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15 protocols using deadend fluorometric tunel assay kit

1

Nanoparticle-Mediated Apoptosis Induction

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DOTAP and 1,2-distearoryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethyleneglycol-2000) ammonium salt (DSPE-PEG2000) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc. (Alabaster, AL). DSPE-PEG-anisamide was synthesized in our lab as described previously68 (link). DeadEnd Fluorometric TUNEL assay kits and Luciferase Assay System assay substrates were obtained from Promega (Madison, WI). Linear PEI hydrochloride with average molecular weight 8,000, dicyandiamide, HA and other chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Rabbit monoclonal antibodies Phospho-AMPKα(Thr172) (40H9) (catalogue # 2535), AMPKα (D5A2) (catalogue # 5831), Phospho-mTOR (Ser2448) (D9C2) XP (catalogue # 5536), mTOR (7C10) (catalogue # 2983), LC3b (D11) XP (catalogue # 3868), GAPDH (14C10) (catalogue # 2118) and Anti-rabbit IgG, horseradish peroxidase-linked Antibody (catalogue # 7074) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA). BCL2 siRNA (target sequence: 5′-AACAUCGCCCUGUGGAUGACU-3′), VEGF siRNA (target sequence: 5′-ACCUCACCAAGGCCAGCAC-3′) and control siRNA (target sequence: 5′-AAUUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGU-3′) were synthesized by Sigma-Aldrich.
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2

Synthesis of PTX-VE and 5-FU-TPGS for Cancer Treatment

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PTX was purchased from
Lc Laboratories (Wobum, MA). PTX–VE and 5-FU–TPGS were
synthesized in our lab (Figure 2). The synthesis
and characterization of PTX–VE and 5-FU–TPGS is provided
in the Supporting Information (Figures
S1–S4). Paclitaxel injection (Taxol) was manufactured by Ben
Venue Laboratories, Inc. (Bedford, OH). 5-Fluorouracil injection
was purchased from APP Pharmaceuticals, LLC (Schaumburg, IL). Antibodies
against p-53, β-tubulin, P-gp, GAPDH, and horseradish peroxidase
(HRP)-conjugated anti-mouse or anti-rabbit whole IgG were obtained
from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (San Diego, CA). DeadEnd Fluorometric
TUNEL assay kits were obtained from Promega (Madison, WI). Other chemicals
were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
KB-3-1 and KB-8-5 cells originally obtained from American
Type
Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, VA) were maintained in RPMI 1640
and DMEM medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) containing 10% fetal bovine
serum (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), 100 unit/mL penicillin, and 100
μg/mL streptomycin (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Cells were cultivated
in a humidified incubator at 37 °C and 5% CO2.
Mice were purchased from the National Cancer Institute (Bethesda,
MD). All experiments performed on animals were in accordance with
and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at
the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
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3

Quantifying Cellular Apoptosis via TUNEL

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Apoptosis was detected by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay using the DeadEnd Fluorometric TUNEL assay kit (Promega, USA). The paraffin sections (dewaxed and rehydrated) or frozen sections were permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in TBS for 30 min at 25°C. After a TBS wash, sections were incubated with 50 μl Nucleotide Mix (with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase) at 37°C in the dark for 1 h. Next, 2× SSC (saline sodium citrate) was added to stop the enzymatic reaction. Nuclei were stained with DAPI for 10 min after which the sections were sealed with an antifade mounting gel, and pictures were captured with a microscope (Leica, DMI 4000 B, Germany) and analysed using ImageJ.
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4

Apoptosis Analysis in Mouse Eyes

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Wild-type C57BL/6 mice at various ages were euthanized by cervical dislocation, and their eyes were marked at temporal and nasal positions by a 25G needle puncture. Eyes were enucleated, fixed in 4% PFA overnight at 4°C, then washed in TBS, and corneas dissected. TUNEL staining was performed using a DeadEnd Fluorometric TUNEL Assay kit (Promega) as previously described (Lobo et al., 2016 (link)), and samples were counterstained with Hoechst nuclear stain (Invitrogen).
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5

Apoptosis Analysis of CRC Cells

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Apoptosis of CRC cells was analyzed using a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) Annexin V apoptosis detection kit (Biovision, Inc. K101-100, Waltham, MA, USA). Cells (2–3 × 105 cells/well) in 6-well plates were treated with PSY for 48 h. After the treatment, both adherent and floating cells were harvested by centrifugation, washed with PBS, and resuspended in 1× binding buffer at 1 × 106 cells/mL. Then, 100 μL of the cell suspension was transferred to a 5 mL culture tube and incubated with 5 μL FITC Annexin V and 5 μL PI for 15 min at room temperature in the dark. Then, 400 μL of 1× binding buffer was added in the 5 mL culture tube. Fluorescence intensity was analyzed using a BD FACS canto II (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). In addition, TUNEL assays were performed using a DeadEnd™ Fluorometric TUNEL assay kit (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.
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6

Apoptosis Determination in Cardiac Tissue

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Determination of apoptosis was done from paraffin embedded LV section by DeadEnd™ Fluorometric TUNEL assay kit (Promega, Madison, WI) according to the manufacturers’ protocol.
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7

Synthesis and Characterization of Lipid-Based Nanoparticles

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GMP disodium salt was synthesized by HDH Pharm Inc (Morrisville, NC). 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane chloride salt (DOTAP), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate (DOPA), 1,2-distearoryl-snglycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol-2000) ammonium salt (DSPE-PEG2000) and 25-[N-[(7-nitro-2–1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)methyl]amino]-27-norcholesterol (25-NBD cholesterol) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL). Cholesterol, cyclohexane and Igepal CO-520 were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). DeadEnd Fluorometric TUNEL assay kit was obtained from Promega Corporation (Madison, WI). PD-L1 antibody was purchased from R&D System. Alexa Fluor 647 Phalloidin was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Other chemicals, unless otherwise specified, were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Fluorescent antibodies against mouse CD4 (clone GK1.5), NK1.1 (clone PK136), IFN-γ (clone XMG1.2), TNF-α (clone MP6-XT22), CD16/32 (clone 93), CD25 (clone PC61.5), CD11c (clone N418) and Foxp3 were from eBioscience. Fluorescent antibodies against mouse CD8a (clone 53–6.7), CD11b (clone M1/70), Ly6C (clone HK1.4), Ly6G (clone 1A8), F4/80 (clone BM8), CD80 (clone 16–10A1), CD206 (clone C068C2) were from Biolegend (San Diego, CA).
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8

Caco2 and SW620 Cell Proliferation Assay

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Caco2 cells (cat # HTB-37™), MTT Cell Proliferation Assay (cat # 30–1010K), and SW620 cells (cat # CCL-227™) (ATCC, Manassas, VA). DMEM media, Leibovitz’s L-15 media, 100U/ml penicillin, 100ug/ml streptomycin, and 0.25ug/ml amphotericin (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA). FBS (Atlanta Biologicals, Flowery Branch, GA). GW3965 (cat # 2474), 27-hydroxycholesterol (cat # 3907), and estradiol (cat # 2824) (R&D systems from Minneapolis, MN). 6α-epoxycholesterol-3-sulfate (cat # C4136–000) (Steraloids, Newport, RI). Afuresertib (cat # 17988) (Cayman Chemicals from Ann Arbor, MI). CytoTox 96® non-radioactive cytotoxicity assay kit (cat # G1782) and DeadEnd Fluorometric TUNEL assay kit (cat # G3250) (Promega, Valencia, CA). Hard Set mounting medium with DAPI (cat # H-1500) (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). DNase (cat #AM2222), Alexa Fluor 594nm (cat #A11037), Halt™ proteases and phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (cat #78446) (Fisher Scientific, Hampton, NH). Immun-Blot® PVDF membrane for protein blotting (cat # 1620177), Clarity™ Western ECL substrate (BioRAD, Hercules, CA). The antibodies used in this study are included in Table 1 below.
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9

TUNEL Assay for DNA Fragmentation Analysis

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DNA fragmentation was analyzed by using Dead End fluorometric TUNEL assay kit (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). The tissues were fixed in 4% methanol-free formaldehyde solution in PBS for 35 minutes at 4°C and treated with terminal deoxyribonucleotidyltransferase (TdT) enzyme buffer containing fluorescein-12-dUTP for 1 hour at 37°C in the dark. The slides were mounted with mounting medium containing 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (Vector, Burlingame, CA, USA) and visualized under an Axio vision 4.0 fluorescence microscope (Carl Zeiss).
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10

Apoptosis Determination in Cardiac Tissue

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Determination of apoptosis was done from paraffin embedded LV section by DeadEnd™ Fluorometric TUNEL assay kit (Promega, Madison, WI) according to the manufacturers’ protocol.
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