Vitamin c

PLR, puerarin and daidzein were purchased from Biopurify Phytochemicals (Chengdu, China). PLR was validated by Prof. Baojian Wu at Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine. Vitamin C (VC) was obtained from Yuanye Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). SR8278 was obtained from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ). Biochemical kits for SOD, MDA and HYP were purchased from Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). Biochemical kit for ROS was obtained from Beyotime Biotechnology (Shanghai, China).

p-Nitrophenyl palmitate, p-nitrophenyl α-d-glucopyranoside (p-NPG), pancreatic lipase, orlistat, acarbose and 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine (DPPH) were all purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China. α-Glucosidase, gallic acid, rutin, ginsenoside Re, vitamin C and anhydrous glucose were obtained from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China. Folin–Ciocalteu reagent was purchased from Sangon Bioengineering (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China. The total antioxidant (FRAP) kit was purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Biological Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China. The rest of the chemicals, reagents, consumables and culture media were purchased from National Pharmaceutical Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China.

SBG was purchased from Biopurify Phytochemicals (Chengdu, China). D-galactose (D-gal) was purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Vitamin C was obtained from Yuanye Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). Biochemical kits for SOD, MDA, ROS and HYP were purchased from Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, Jiangsu, China). Staining kit for senescence-associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) was obtained from Beyotime Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). Antibodies against GAPDH, MMP-1, p53, BMAL1, REV-ERBɑ, BHMT and NLRP3 were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, United Kingdom).

Rhodiola crenulata rhizomes were collected from Lhasa (Tibet, China). PAs extracted from Rhodiola crenulata rhizomes were named as RcPs. Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-glucosidase (type I, from Saccharomyces cerevisiae), α-amylase (from porcine pancreas), α-amylase (from human saliva), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromo-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,4,6-tripyridinyl-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 4-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (P-NPG), benzyl mercaptan, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate, and gallic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sephadex LH-20 was purchased from GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB (Uppsala, Sweden). Methanol of chromatographic purity was purchased from TEDIA (Fairfield, OH, USA). 2-choro-4-nitrophenyl-&-galactosyl-maltoside (Gal-g2-α-cnp) was purchased from Toyobo Co., Ltd., (Osaka, Japan). Neocuproine was purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Reagents Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Vitamin C was purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Sodium acetate, monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium diammonium phosphate, copper sulfate, methanol, ethanol, acetone, petroleum ether (60~90 °C boiling range), and other pure analytical reagents were purchased from Xilong Science Co., Ltd., (Guangdong, China).