and livers were harvested from CO2 asphyxiated 3-week-old
male Swiss-Webster mice (Jackson Lab, Bar Harbor, ME). Saccharomyces
cerevisiae cells were grown to an OD of 1.0, washed with
ice cold PBS and snap frozen in liquid N2 until further
use. Brain/liver tissues and yeast cells were mechanically lysed with
a homogenizer in SDS lysis buffer [2.0% SDS w/v, 250 mM NaCl, PhosSTOP
(Roche, Madison, WI) phosphatase inhibitors, 2 mM sodium vanadate,
EDTA free protease inhibitor cocktail (Promega, Madison, WI), and
50 mM HEPES, pH 8.5]. Lysates were reduced with 5 mM DTT and cysteine
residues alkylated with iodoacetamide (14 mM) in the dark (30 min).
Protein was extracted by methanol–chloroform precipitation
and subsequent ice cold acetone washes. Pellets were dried and resuspended
in 8 M urea containing 50 mM HEPES (pH 8.5). Protein concentrations
were measured by BCA assay (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL) prior
to protease digestion. Protein lysates were diluted to 4 M urea and
digested with LysC (Wako, Japan) in a 1/200 enzyme/protein ratio overnight.
Protein extracts were diluted further to a 1.5 M urea concentration,
and trypsin (Promega, Madison, WI) was added to a final 1/250 enzyme/protein
ratio for 6 h at 37 °C. Digests were acidified with 200 μL
of 20% formic acid (FA) to a pH ∼2 and subjected to C18 solid-phase
extraction (SPE) (Sep-Pak, Waters, Milford, MA).