Skin biopsies were performed under general anesthesia. Anesthesia was performed using an initial intravenous administration of 0.2 mg/kg of butorphanol (Torbugesic, Zoetis, Malakoff, France), 3 mg/kg of ketamine (Ketamine 1000, Virbac, Carros, France) and 15 µg/kg of medetomidine (Domitor, Orion Corporation, Espoo, Finland). Analgesia was performed by subcutaneous injection of lidocaine (Lidor, Axience, Pantin, France) mixed with sodium bicarbonate in a 1:1 ratio into the skin surrounding the lesion. Total dose of lidocaine did not exceed 5 mg/kg. Biopsies of skin lesions were performed using a 6 mm skin punch biopsy (Skin biopsy punch 273,690, Kruuse, Langeskov, Denmark). A single cruciate suture using non-absorbable monofilament (Ethilon 3 − 0, Ethicon, Somerville, New Jersey, USA) was used to suture biopsy sites. Samples were fixed in 10 % buffered formalin for 48 h and then embedded in paraffin, routinely processed, sliced at 4 μm, stained with hematoxylin-eosin-saffron and Periodic acid-Schiff and examined by light microscopy. Slides were evaluated by two European College of Veterinary Pathologists diplomates (EL and FD).
Ketamine 1000
Manufactured by Virbac
Sourced in France
Ketamine 1000 is a sterile, injectable anesthetic agent used in veterinary medicine. It is formulated to provide a rapid induction of anesthesia and is typically utilized for procedures requiring general anesthesia. The product's core function is to induce and maintain a state of anesthesia in animals.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Dorbene vet, by Pfizer (2 mentions)
Rimadyl, by Pfizer (2 mentions)
Torbugesic, by Zoetis (1 mentions)
Ethilon 3 0, by Johnson & Johnson (1 mentions)
Antisedan, by Orion Pharma (1 mentions)
Monoiodoacetate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Xylazine, by Bayer (1 mentions)
Rompun, by Bayer (1 mentions)
Isoflo, by Zoetis (1 mentions)
Embutramide, by MSD (1 mentions)
Rompun 2, by Bayer (1 mentions)
Dolethal, by Vetoquinol (1 mentions)
Carprodyl, by Ceva (1 mentions)
12 protocols using ketamine 1000
1
Skin Biopsy Protocol under Anesthesia
2
Unilateral Vestibular Neurectomy in Mice
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UVN was performed on a total of 15 adult mice of both sexes following the surgical procedure previously reported for the rat (Péricat et al., 2017 (link)). Animals were anaesthetised with a mixture of ketamine 1000 (Virbac; 100 mg/kg, i.p)/methedomidrine (Domitor® Orion Pharma; 0.2 mg/kg, i.p.). A tympanic bulla approach gave access to the vestibular nerve: cervical muscular planes were dissected leading to tympanic bulla, which was widely drilled to expose the stapedial artery and the promontory containing the cochlea. The cochlea was drilled exposing the cochlear nerve. The cochlear nerve meatus was enlarged with a needle leading to the vestibulocochlear nerve, which was sectioned, and the Scapa's ganglion aspirated. The wound was closed using a stapler. Before awakening the animal by intraperitoneal injection of Antisedan® (Orion-Pharma; 1 mg/kg), a solution of Ringer Lactate (Virbac; 10 ml/kg) was administered subcutaneously to reduce the dehydration resulting from the inability to drink normally owing to the lesion. Buprecare® (Axience; 0.005 mg/kg) was given as postsurgery analgesic. In another six sham mice, surgery was limited to the opening of the tympanic bulla.
3
Monoiodoacetate-Induced Knee Osteoarthritis in Rats
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Monoiodoacetate (Sigma Aldrich®, St. Louis, MO, USA) injection is recognized as an effective technique allowing histologic and morphologic changes in joint cartilage, closely similar to those observed for patients with OA29 (link)–32 . By promoting glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity inhibition of chondrocytes, mono-iodoacetate induces glycolysis disruption resulting finally in progressive chondrocytes cell death32 ,33 (link). Thus, an injection of 1 mg of mono-iodoacetate diluted in 50 μl of saline is sufficient to induce maximal functional deficits by the 14 days post-injection30 (link).
In order to induce knee osteoarthritis, rats from MIA and TKA groups were slightly anesthetized by a transcutaneous intramuscular injection of a mixture of 0.65 ml of ketamine (Ketamine 1000, Virbac®, Carros, France) and 0.25 ml of chlorpromazine (Largactil®, 0.1 ml per 100 g, Sanofi Aventis Laboratory®, Paris, France). Then, a single intra-joint injection of mono-iodoacetate (1 mg diluted in 50 μl of saline) was performed in the left knee joint with a microsyringe (Ito Corporation Exmire®, Shizuoka, Japan).
In order to induce knee osteoarthritis, rats from MIA and TKA groups were slightly anesthetized by a transcutaneous intramuscular injection of a mixture of 0.65 ml of ketamine (Ketamine 1000, Virbac®, Carros, France) and 0.25 ml of chlorpromazine (Largactil®, 0.1 ml per 100 g, Sanofi Aventis Laboratory®, Paris, France). Then, a single intra-joint injection of mono-iodoacetate (1 mg diluted in 50 μl of saline) was performed in the left knee joint with a microsyringe (Ito Corporation Exmire®, Shizuoka, Japan).
4
Electrophysiological Evaluation of Peroneal Nerve and Tibialis Anterior Muscle
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Ten weeks postinjury (W10), animals were deeply anesthetized by intramuscular
injection of a mixture containing ketamine (62.5 mg/kg–1, 100 mg·m–1, Ketamine 1000, Virbac, Carros,
France) and xylazine (3.125 mg·kg–1, 20 mg·mL–1, Xilasyn2, Virbac) and prepared for electrophysiological
recordings, as previously described.39 (link),40 (link) Briefly, the
peroneal nerves from both hindlimbs were dissected free from the surrounding
tissues for stimulation. Then, the tibialis anterior muscles from
both hindlimbs were exposed for electromyographic recording.
injection of a mixture containing ketamine (62.5 mg/kg–1, 100 mg·m–1, Ketamine 1000, Virbac, Carros,
France) and xylazine (3.125 mg·kg–1, 20 mg·mL–1, Xilasyn2, Virbac) and prepared for electrophysiological
recordings, as previously described.39 (link),40 (link) Briefly, the
peroneal nerves from both hindlimbs were dissected free from the surrounding
tissues for stimulation. Then, the tibialis anterior muscles from
both hindlimbs were exposed for electromyographic recording.
5
Anesthesia and euthanasia protocol for rat eye
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Forty-two male Long Evans rats (Elevage Janvier, Le Genest Saint-Isle, France; age: 6 weeks) were handled in accordance with the ARVO Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research. Animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the Paris Descartes University (Paris, France, reference: 00377.01). Rats were anesthetized by intramuscular injection of 100 µl/100 g of a solution containing ketamine (40 mg/ml; Ketamine 1,000®, Virbac, Carros, France) and xylazine (4 mg/ml; Rompun 2%®, Bayer Santé, Puteaux, France). Pupillary dilatation was obtained by instillation of 2 drops of tropicamide (Mydriaticum 0.5%®, Thea, France) with a 5-min interval. Topical ocular anesthesia with 1 drop of tetracaine chlorohydrate (Tetracaine 1%®, Faure, France) was performed 2 min before injection. Animals were euthanazied by an overdose (150 mg/kg) of intraperitoneal pentobarbital and eyes enucleated for analysis.
6
Surgical Model of Ocular Hypertension in Rats
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A surgical model of ocular hypertension was induced in the right eye (RE) of each rat by cauterization of three episcleral veins after conjunctival dissection under general anesthesia—intraperitoneal injection of Ketamine 1000® 100 mg/kg (Virbac, Vauvert, France) and Xylazine 10 mg/kg (Bayer HealthCare, Whippany, NJ, USA)—as reported elsewhere [19 (link)]. The left eye (LE) underwent conjunctival dissection only as a control. After surgery, IOP was monitored every 5 or 6 days using a handheld tonometer (TonoLab®; Medtronics, Jacksonville, FL, USA) without sedation. Animals presenting low or unstable IOP during a 21-day period after the surgery were excluded. Animals were treated 21 days after the surgery and IOP was monitored every 3–4 days for 24 other days in a blind manner.
7
Electroretinography in Dark-Adapted Mice
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Prior to testing, the mice were dark-adapted at least 12 hours. All handling, preparation, and electrode placement were performed under deep red illumination to maintain dark adaptation of the retina. During the ERG recordings, the mice were positioned on a water-heated (38°C) platform, to maintain body temperature during anesthesia. The mice were anesthetized by an intramuscular injection of 25:5 mg/kg of 10% ketamine (ketamine 1000; Virbac, Carros, France)/2% xylazine (Rompun; Bayer Healthcare, Puteaux, France) in saline. A subcutaneous injection of 0.9% saline (300 µL before recordings, 100 µL after recordings) was given to prevent dehydration. Pupils were fully dilated using eye drops of 0.5% tropicamide (mydriaticum; Théa, Clermont-Ferrand, France) and 5% phenylephrine (Neosynephrine FAURE; Europhta, Monaco; one drop of each). Contact lens electrodes (Ø 3.2 mm; Mayo Corporation, Inazawa, Japan), filled with Corneregel (Dr. Mann Pharma, Berlin, Germany), were positioned on both corneas and served as active electrodes. Reference and ground needle electrodes were inserted subcutaneously, medial to the two ears and at the base of the tail, respectively. To prevent corneal ulcerations and eye infections, one drop of Tevemixine and one drop of N.A.C. (TVM Lab, Lempdes, France) were applied after ERG recordings.
8
Visualizing Pancreatic β-cell Tracer Uptake in Mini Pigs
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The possibility of visualizing tracer uptake in the pancreatic β-cells in vivo using a laparoscopic laser device was assessed in mini pigs at the Department of Experimental Research of the Lille 2 University Facilities. Surgical interventions were approved by the local ethics committee. Three healthy adult Göttingenlike mini pigs (Sus scrofa; L’Institut de l’Elevage) were anesthetized using 4% isoflurane (Aerrane) after receiving premedication (intramuscular injection of ketamine [Ketamine1000; Virbac], 10 mg/kg of body weight, and xylazine [Sédaxylan; CEVA Santé Animale], 2.5 mg/kg of body weight). The mini pigs were infused with exendin-4-IRDye 800CW, 1.3 μg/kg, in 20 mL of PBS over 30 min through an intravenous catheter in the external jugular vein. Four hours after tracer injection, laparoscopic surgery was performed to access the pancreas, on which fluorescence imaging of the head and tail was performed using a laser device emitting light at 800 nm and a fluorescence camera (SurgVision BV).
9
Anesthesia and Analgesia Protocol for Laparotomy
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Following an overnight fast, all surgical procedures were performed under general anaesthesia. Premedication included intramuscular injections of xylazine (3 mg/kg; Sedaxylan®; Dechra Pharmaceutical PLC, France) and ketamine (5 mg/kg; Ketamine 1000®; Virbac, France), followed by isoflurane after endotracheal intubation (0.5 to 2%; IsoFlo; Zoetis, France). During the laparotomy procedures, animals were ventilated with assistance at 20 mpm or left with spontaneous ventilation. To ensure analgesia, an intramuscular injection of buprenorphine (15 μg/kg, Bupaq®, Virbac, France) for the insertion of a central venous catheter or a single transdermal application of fentanyl (1.3 mg/kg, Recuvyra®, Lilly‐Elanco, France) for laparotomy procedures were used.45
10
Rabbit Eye Biocompatibility and Biointegration
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After the last examinations were conducted, rabbits were euthanized. In the biocompatibility study, euthanasia of the animals was performed by intravenous injection of 1 mL/kg of pentobarbital (182.20 mg/mL, Dolethal, Vetoquinol, France). Prior to euthanasia, animals were sedated by an intramuscular injection of 10 mg/kg ketamin hydrochloride (Ketamine 1000, Virbac, France) and 2 mg/kg xylazine chlorhydrate (Rompun 2%, Bayer, Germany). In the biointegration study, euthanasia of the animals was performed by intravenous injection of 0.1 mL/kg of T61 (4.39 mg/mL tetracaine chlorhydrate, 26.92 mg/mL mebezonium diiodure, 200.00 mg/mL embutramide, MSD, France). Prior to euthanasia, animals were sedated by an intramuscular injection of 2 mg/kg of xylazine chlorhydrate (Xyl M, V.M.D., Belgium), followed 5 min later by an intramuscular injection of 25 mg/kg ketamin chlorhydrate (Nimatek, Dechra, Netherlands) and 3.5 mg/kg xylazine chlorhydrate (Xyl M, V.M.D., Belgium). Sedation prior to euthanasia was performed for ethical purposes. The eyes were then removed in toto and immersed in appropriate fixative solution for further histopathological processing.
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