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18 protocols using ab137037

1

Acetylation of Mitochondrial SOD2 Quantification

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Protein samples (10–60 µg) from ethanol-fed and pair-fed controls were separated using 12% SDS-PAGE at 150 V for 1 hour, then transferred to activated Hybond-PVDF membrane (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK). Membranes were blocked using 5% (w/v) non-fat dry milk in Tris-Buffered Saline-Tween 20 TBS/0.1 % (v/v) Tween (TBS-T) for 1 hour at room temperature. Membranes were incubated with primary antibodies against SOD2 (ab13534), SOD2 acetyl K68 (ab137037), or SOD2 acetyl K122 (ab214675) (Abcam, Cambridge, MA) overnight at 4°C, then washed three times with TBS-T, and incubated with horseradish peroxidase conjugated secondary antibody at room temperature for one hour. Membranes were washed again with TBS-T three times and then Clarity Western ECL Substrate (BioRad) was applied before imaging via Chemidoc® MP (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). 2,2,2-trichloroethanol (Sigma, Saint Louis, MO) stain was used to visualize overall protein load.
Two-dimensional SDS-PAGE was performed using 200 µg of liver whole cell extract and was separated on IPG strips (pH 3–11) (Bio-Rad), then resolved using 10% SDS-PAGE. The proteins were then transferred onto PVDF membrane and probed with anti-SOD2 (ab13534) and SOD2 acetyl-K68 (ab137037) antibody (Abcam, Cambridge, MA) using standard Western blot analysis as described above.
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2

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Liver Tissue

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Freshly excised liver tissues were fixed in 10% formalin (Sigma, Saint Louis, MO) overnight. The tissue was then embedded in paraffin, cut and mounted on slides by the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Histology Core. Standard hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was performed. Immunohistochemistry was performed using the ABC citrate antigen retrieval system (Vector labs, Burlingame, CA) and by incubating liver tissue sections with primary antibodies raised against CYP2E1 (AB1252; Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany), SOD2 (ab13534; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), and SOD2 acetyl-K68 (ab137037; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) overnight at 4 °C via a protocol described by Harris et. al. (Harris et al., 2015 (link)). Histologic images were captured on an Olympus BX51 microscope equipped with a 4 megapixel Macrofire digital camera using the PictureFrame Application 2.3 (Optronics). All images were cropped and assembled using Photoshop CS2 (Adobe Systems, Inc.). Images were then imported into Slidebook (3I, Denver CO) for quantification, which was performed on 5 images per animal, 3–4 animals per group.
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3

Western Blot Analysis of Osteogenic Markers

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Protein samples were resolved by 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for 2 h and electrophoretically transmitted to a PVDF membrane (Merck Millipore, USA). After blocking nonspecific binding sites with 5% skim milk for 60 min at room temperature, the membranes were incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies against SIRT3 (1 : 1000; ab189860), Bax (1 : 1000; ab32503), Bcl-2 (1 : 1000; ab59348), ALP (1 : 1000; ab95462), Osterix (1 : 500; ab22552), OCN (1 : 500; ab93876), β-actin (1 : 1000; ab8227), SOD2 (1 : 5000; ab13533), and Ac-SOD2 (1 : 5000; ab137037) (all from Abcam, Cambridge, UK). Then, the membranes were rinsed in Tris-buffered saline with Tween 20 and incubated with the corresponding secondary horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibodies (1 : 1000) for 2 h at room temperature. The proteins were detected using chemiluminescent HRP substrates (Millipore Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA).
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4

Multiparametric Immunofluorescence Staining

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Primary antibodies for RAGE and nitrotyrosine (sc-8230 and sc-32757, respectively, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), E- and N-cadherin (610182 and 610920, respectively, BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA), AKR1B1, MMP9, vimentin (GTX113381, GTX100458, and GTX100619, respectively, Genetex, Irvine, CA, USA), SOD2 (acetyl K68) (ab137037, Abcam, Eugene, OR, USA), and Phosph-AMPK α1,2T172 (44-1150G, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eugene, OR, USA) were used for immunofluorescence staining.
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5

Immunostaining of Lens Epithelial Cells

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Experimental drugs including fructose and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were all obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA). D3T (Abcam, ab141925) was obtained from Abcam (Abcam Chemical Co., Cambridge, MA, USA). Primary antibodies, nitrotyrosine, and RAGE (sc-32757 and sc-8230, respectively, Santa Cruz, San Jose, CA, USA), N-cadherin and E-cadherin (610920 and 610182, respectively, BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA), AKR1B1, MMP9, and Vimentin (GTX113381, GTX100458 and GTX100619, respectively, Genetex, Irvine, CA, USA), Phosph-AMPK α1,2T172 (44-1150G, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eugene, OR, USA), and SOD2 (acetyl K68) (ab137037, Abcam, Eugene, OR, USA), and secondary antibodies, Alexa Fluor 568 and 488 goat anti-rabbit or mouse, and Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-goat, were used to stain the LECs. In addition, the VECTASHIELD® HardSet™ antifade mounting medium with DAPI (H-1500, Vector, Burlingame, CA, USA) was used to mount the stained epithelial cell sections and counterstain them.
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6

Protein Extraction and Western Blotting for Subcellular Analysis

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We used the same method as before to perform Western blotting.37 Before Western blotting, we used a total protein extraction kit (BC3710, Solarbio), cellular mitochondrial isolation kit (C3601, Beyotime) or tissue mitochondrial isolation kit (C3606, Beyotime), and nuclear protein extraction kit (R0050, Solarbio) to extract total protein, mitochondrial protein or de‐mitochondrial cytoplasmic protein, and nuclear protein, respectively. The primary antibodies used were anti‐PARP‐1 (1:1000, DF7198, Affinity); anti‐AIF (1:1000, BF0591, Affinity); anti‐COX IV (1:1000, AF5468, Affinity); anti‐Histone H3 (1:1000, AF0863, Affinity); anti‐β‐actin (1:10,000, 66009‐1‐Ig, Protentech); anti‐LC3BI/II (1:1000, A5402, Affinity); anti‐PINK1 (1:200, PA5‐85930, Invitrogen); anti‐Parkin (1:200, 702785, Invitrogen); anti‐SIRT3 (1:1000, Affinity, AF5135); anti‐SOD2/MnSOD (acetyl K68) (1:5000, ab137037, Abcam); and anti‐SOD2/MnSOD (1:5000, ab13533, Abcam). The second antibodies used were HRP‐conjugated AffiniPure Goat Anti‐Mouse IgG (1:10,000, Proteintech) and HRP‐conjugated AffiniPure Goat Anti‐Rabbit IgG (1:10,000, Proteintech). Finally, PVDF molds were visualized on a Tanon 2500R gel imaging system (Tanon) using a developer (Tanon), and the band intensity was quantified using ImageJ 1.39V software.
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7

Liver Protection by Phosphocreatine and Glutamine

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Female C57BL/6J mice (6–8 weeks old) were used in our study. All animals were purchased from VitalRiver Laboratory (Beijing, China) and were kept in an environmentally controlled room with a 12-hr light/dark cycle with ad libitum access to food and water. All animal experimental procedures complied with Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the US National Institutes of Health (8th edition, revised 2011) and were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Zhongshan hospital, Fudan University. After 1 week of adaptive feeding, 30 mice were randomly divided into 5 groups. They were given normal saline, PCr (100 mg/kg/d), GS (30 g/kg/d), PCr (50 mg/kg/d)+GS (30 g/kg/d), or PCr (100 mg/kg/d)+GS (30 g/kg/d), respectively, and were euthanized after 3 weeks of treatment. Liver injury was assessed by the determination of the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, aspartate transaminase (AST) activity, and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of liver sections. Immunohistochemistry was performed against target molecules on paraffin sections utilizing primary antibody against Ac-SOD2 (1:100, ab137037, Abcam) and cleaved-caspase 3 (1:200, 9661T, Cell Signaling Technology).
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8

Protein Expression Analysis of L-02 Cells and Mouse Liver

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The protein concentration of lysates of L-02 cells and mouse liver tissue were determined using a BCA protein assay kit (Beyotime) and separated by SDS-PAGE. The primary antibodies were against caspase-9 (1:1000, A0281, ABclonal, Woburn, MA, USA), caspase-9 (1:1000, 9508T, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), caspase-8 (1:1000, 9746T, Cell Signaling Technology), caspase-3 (1:1000, 9665S, Cell Signaling Technology), cleaved-caspase-3 (1:1000, 9661T, Cell Signaling Technology), SOD2 (1:1000, 13141T, Cell Signaling Technology), SOD2/MnSOD2 (acetyl K68) (1:1000, ab137037, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), SIRT3 (1:500, sc-99143, Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, USA), and β-Actin (1:2000, Sigma).
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9

Western Blot Analysis of Protein Targets

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Western blotting was performed as described previously (33 (link)). The primary antibodies we used were as follows: HCN1 (1:2000, ab229340, Abcam, UK), SIRT3 (1:1000, 5490, Cell Signaling Technologies, USA), SOD2 (1:1000, 13141, Cell Signaling Technology, USA), ac-SOD2 (acetyl K68) (1:1000, ab137037, Abcam, UK). We used the ECL detection system (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, China) and ImageJ software for protein quantification.
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10

Immunoblot Analysis of Mitochondrial Proteins

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Lysates were prepared in RIPA buffer supplemented with protease and phosphatase inhibitors, and equal protein separated on tris-glycine SDS-PAGE, followed by transfer to PVDF membranes. Membranes were blocked in 5% milk/TBS/0.1%Tween-20, and incubated overnight at 4°C with the following antibodies: SIRT3 (5490S, Cell Signaling Technology); Histone H3 (9715S, Cell Signaling Technology); SOD2 (ab13533, Abcam); acetyl(K68)-SOD2 (ab137037, Abcam); GAPDH (AM4300, Invitrogen); β-actin (AM4302, Invitrogen); HIF1α antibody (610958, BD). HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies were obtained from GE Healthcare. Blots were visualized on a ChemiDoc MP system (Bio-Rad) using Femto ECL chemiluminescence substrate (Thermo Scientific).
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