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5 protocols using bzatp

1

Murine Dendritic Cell Characterization

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Female C57BL/6 mice purchased from Ji'nan Pengyue Laboratory Animal Breeding Co., Ltd. (China) were housed and maintained in the animal facilities of Weifang Medical University. Recombinant murine GM-CSF and IL-4 were purchased from R&D Systems (USA). A Fluo-4 Direct™ calcium assay kit was purchased from ThermoFisher Scientific (USA). ARL-67156, Bz-ATP, OX-ATP, and suramin were purchased from Tocris Bioscience (USA). A-438079, a competitive P2X7 receptor antagonist, was purchased from Santa Cruz (USA). Luminescent ATP Detection Assay kit was purchased from Abcam (USA). The endocytosis inhibitors MDC, PitS2, Dynasore, and P2X4-specific antagonist PSB-12062 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). RNAiso Plus, SYBR Premix Ex Taq II, and the PrimeScriptTM RT reagent Kit were obtained from Takara (China). CD11c-APC (#550261), CD11b-FITC (#553310), MHC II-PE (#558593), and F4/80-PE (#565410) and isotype control antibodies were purchased from BD Bioscience (USA). CD39-PE (#12-0391-82) was purchased from Thermo Fisher (USA). All experiments involving animals were performed in accordance with the Chinese National Laboratory Animal-Guideline for Ethical Review of Animal Welfare and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Weifang Medical University (NO. 010/2017).
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2

BzATP-Induced IL-1β Secretion in BV2 Microglia

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BV2 microglia-like cells were maintained in DMEM (Gibco) containing 5% FBS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin at 37°C with 5% CO2. BV2 cells were harvested from a 100-mm dish using a cell scraper, collected in 500 μl, and equally aliquoted into Eppendorf tubes before treatment. Cells were stimulated with 300 μM BzATP (Tocris) in ECS for 30 min at 37°C. In a subset of experiments, cells were treated with 10 μM 10panx or scrpanx (New England Peptide) in ECS for 30 min at 37°C before BzATP stimulation. As a control, ECS alone was used in equivalent volumes to BzATP. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for mouse and rat IL-1β (R&D Systems) were used for quantification of IL-1β in cell culture supernatants or spinal cord homogenates as per the manufacturer’s instruction. The concentration of IL-1β was normalized to protein levels (BCA Assay, Life Technologies) for spinal cord homogenates.
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3

ATP-Induced Thymocyte Apoptosis and Pore Formation

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Thymocytes were cultured at 4×106 cells/mL with/without 1mM ATP (Sigma) or 100μM BzATP (Tocris) in culture medium (RPMI 1640, 10% FCS, penicillin/streptomycin/glutamine). For experiments using A438079 (Abcam), cells were pre-treated with 10μM or 100μM A438079 for 1 hour before addition of ATP or BzATP. After 15 minutes of stimulation, cells were harvested, washed, stained for Annexin V binding (Apoptosis Detection kit, BD Biosciences). To measure pore formation, 2μM YO-PRO-1 was added to the culture for the last 5 minutes before harvesting, washing, and staining.
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4

Electrophysiological Recordings of P2X7 Receptor-Mediated Currents

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Brain slices were prepared as indicated in the Supplementary Material. Drugs were applied onto the cell under investigation by means of a glass-pipette (3–5 μm tip diameter) connected to a pneumatic drug ejection system (PDES-02DX, NPI Elect ronic GmbH, Germany). Ligand-gated currents were evoked by the P2X7 receptor agonist, BzATP (2′(3′)-O-(4-Benzoylben zoyl) adenosine 5′-triphosphate 100 μM; 3 sec; Sigma Aldrich, Spain). When used, 300 μM PL (Sigma Aldrich, Spain), 300 μM PLP or 10 μM A438079 (3-[[5-(2, 3-dichlorophenyl)-1H-tetrazol-1- yl] methyl]pyridine hydrochloride) (Tocris Biosc iences, Bristol, United Kingdom) were applied from a separate glass pipette 2 min before and during BzATP administration. Stock solutions of drugs were make freshly every day in the extracel lular saline, and the application pipettes were filled with the druǵs solutions a few minutes before starting the experiments.
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5

ATP and bzATP Stimulation of MDMi

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MDMi on day 11 of differentiation are treated with 1 mM ATP or 500 uM bzATP for 3 hours at 37°C. As both are resuspended in DMSO, DMSO is added to controls. ATP was purchased from Theromfisher (#R0441) and bzATP was purchased from Tocris Bioscience (#3312).
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