Kolliphor ps60

DFX was kindly gifted from Sanovel Drug Company, Turkey. Labrafac, Lipophile WL1349, Labrafac PG, Peceol, Transcutol HP, Labrasol ALF, Labrafil M2125, Maisine, Gelucire 44/14 and Gelucire 48/16 were kindly gifted from Gatteffosse (Lyon, France). Kolliphor PS20, Kolliphor PS60, Kolliphor PS80, Kolliphor CS12 and Kolliphor HS15, Kolliphor EL, Kolliphor ELP, and Kollisov PEG 400 were kindly gifted from BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany). Syloid XDP 3150 was gifted from Grace (Columbia, Maryland, USA). Neusilin UFL2 and Neusilin US2 were gifted from Fuji chemical (Tokyo, Japan). All other chemicals were of analytical grade.

Polysorbate 60 (Kolliphor^® PS 60, BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) and soy lecithin (Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) were used as emulsifiers and trialed individually. The cost of each emulsifier is around 20–30 euros per 250 g.
Polysorbate 60 is a non-ionic surfactant and emulsifier derived from polyethoxylated sorbitan and stearic acid (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate). Polysorbates are widely used as a solubilizer and emulsifier in pharmaceuticals and food. It shows excellent emulsifying properties and low toxicity.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is an anionic surfactant, consisting of a hydrocarbon chain with a sulfate anion at its end and a sodium cation (C₁₂H₂₅NaO₄S). SDS is mainly used in detergents and cosmetics.
Lecithins are phospholipids and form the group of emulsifiers most commonly used in the food industry. Lecithins are naturally occurring emulsifiers and the building block of biological membranes in animal and plant cells. They consist of fatty acids (two hydrocarbon chains), phosphoric acid, glycerol and choline.

1,2-Pentanediol, 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol, and 1,2-hexanediol (Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Taufkirchen, Germany), polysorbate 60 (Kolliphor PS 60, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany), cetostearyl alcohol (Kolliwax CSA, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany), glycerol 85% (Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany), white soft paraffin (Sasol Performance Chemicals, Hamburg, Germany), potassium sorbate (Caesar & Loretz GmbH, Hilden, Germany), citric acid (Jungbunzlauer Suisse AG, Basel, Switzerland). 1,2-Octanediol (dermosoft Octiol) was kindly donated by Evonik Dr. Straetmans GmbH, Hamburg, Germany.