N2-physisorption experiments were carried out at 77 K in a TriStar II unit gas adsorption analyser (Micromeritics). Prior to the measurements the samples were degassed at 423 K under vacuum for 16 h. The BET areas were calculated using intervals allowing positive BET constants38 . The total pore volumes were calculated at 0.9 relative pressure.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried out using a JEOL JSM-6010LA InTouchScope microscope.
Thermogravimetric analysis was performed by means of Mettler Toledo TGA/SDTA851e, under an air flow of 60 ml min−1 at a heating rate of 10 K min−1 up to 1073 K.
Diffuse reflectance UV/Vis spectra were collected using a Perkin–Elmer Lambda 900 spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating sphere (“Labsphere”) in the 200–800 nm range. BaSO4 was used as a white standard.