During household visits at each survey, anthropometric data were collected using standardized protocol by trained health workers. Height was measured without shoes to the nearest 0.2 cm using a portable stadiometer. Weight was measured without shoes and in light clothing to the nearest 0.1 kg on a calibrated beam scale. WC was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using a Seca tape measure (Seca North America, Chino, CA, USA) at the midpoint between the lowest rib margin and the iliac crest. BMI was calculated as weight (in kg) divided by height (m) squared. Based on WHO definitions, overweight/obesity is defined as BMI ≥25 kg/m2, and central obesity is defined as a WC of greater than 90 cm and 80 cm for males and females, respectively [1 ].
Tape measure
Manufactured by Seca
Sourced in Germany
The Seca Tape Measure is a flexible, linear measuring device used to determine the length or distance of an object. It consists of a strip of material, typically made of cloth or plastic, with measurement markings along its length. The tape measure can be extended and retracted, allowing for convenient measurement of various items.
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10 protocols using tape measure
1
Standardized Anthropometric Measurements Protocol
2
Standardized Anthropometric Measurements Protocol
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At each exam, height, weight, and WC were measured in replicate in light clothing without shoes according to standardized protocol [2 (link),57 (link)]. Height was measured to the nearest 0.2 cm via portable stadiometer (Seca Corporation, Chino, CA), and weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg via calibrated balance beam scale. WC was measured midway between the iliac crest and the lowest lateral portion of the rib cage (anteriorly at the point midway between the xiphoid process of the sternum and the umbilicus) using a Seca tape measure, and an average of 2 measures to the nearest 0.5 cm was used. BMI was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (kg/m2) [8 ].
3
Anthropometric measurements and child growth
4
Anthropometric Measurements for Nutritional Assessment
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Body weight was obtained by wearing minimal clothing and using a mechanical scale (Scale-tronix, Chicago, IL, USA; accuracy to 0.1 kg), bipedal height was measured with a stadiometer (Seca model 220, SECA, Hamburg, Germany; accuracy to 0.1 cm), and WC with a tape measure (Sanny, Brazil; accuracy to 0.1 cm). Subsequently, the BMI was calculated by dividing the body weight by the squared bipedal height (kg/m2), and the participants were classified according to their nutritional status as normal weight (<27.9 kg/m2) and overweight (28 or more kg/m2), following to the recommendations of the Pan American Health Organization [23 ] and the Ministry of Health of Chile [22 ]. For its part, the WHR was obtained by dividing the WC by the bipedal height [24 (link)]. Older people who had a WC value of ≥88 cm (female) and ≥102 cm (male) were considered as “at risk” [22 ,25 ] and ≥0.5 for the WHR [24 (link)]. All measurements were made following the recommendations of the International Society for Advances in Kinanthropometry (ISAK) [26 ].
5
Gait Biomechanics and Body Size Scaling
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Measurements of height, leg length (LL), UK shoe size and body mass were performed using a stadiometer (SECA, UK), tape measure and medical grade scales (SECA, UK) respectively. Anthropometrics were collected to allow analysis of data in line with the recommendations of made by Hof that all gait data should be scaled to body size 28 .
Participants completed a barefoot dynamic calibration and four familiarisation traverses of the laboratory (approximately 18m) over the BFPP walkway. Participants were then asked to walk at their natural pace and march 'as if they were doing their military fitness test'. Foot placement order was self-selected. Ten successful trials were obtained per participant. A trial was considered successful if it was completed without visible adjustment in approaching or traversing of the pressure plate and foot strikes occurred within the required area. Speed was assessed post-hoc using analysis of video camera data.
The statistical relationship of speed with each variable was assessed to determine the requirement to include speed as a covariate in the analysis. This is in line with studies of conditions, unlike CECS, in which gait speed is considered a fundamental component of the pathology and with the recommendation of Rodgers50 that the effect of speed should be considered in all biomechanical data.
Participants completed a barefoot dynamic calibration and four familiarisation traverses of the laboratory (approximately 18m) over the BFPP walkway. Participants were then asked to walk at their natural pace and march 'as if they were doing their military fitness test'. Foot placement order was self-selected. Ten successful trials were obtained per participant. A trial was considered successful if it was completed without visible adjustment in approaching or traversing of the pressure plate and foot strikes occurred within the required area. Speed was assessed post-hoc using analysis of video camera data.
The statistical relationship of speed with each variable was assessed to determine the requirement to include speed as a covariate in the analysis. This is in line with studies of conditions, unlike CECS, in which gait speed is considered a fundamental component of the pathology and with the recommendation of Rodgers50 that the effect of speed should be considered in all biomechanical data.
6
Standardized Anthropometric Measurements
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Participants abstained from caffeine and dietary supplementation for 24 h and kept to their regular diet and sleep routines, as well as refrained from strenuous physical activity for 48 h prior to their visit to the laboratory. Participants arrived at the laboratory between 0900 h and 1000 h after having consumed a light meal >2 h before the trial. They had their blood pressure (BP) measured and declared that they were well for participation. Nude body weight was measured using an electronic scale (SECA, Hamburg, Germany) and height was measured using a stadiometer (SECA). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as body weight (kg) divided by height (m) squared. Waist circumference (WC) was recorded using a tape measure (SECA) placed snugly at the waistline, midway between the lowest ribs and iliac crest in a standing position [28 (link)], recorded to the nearest 0.1 cm in triplicate and averaged from the measurements.
7
Anthropometric Measurements of Athletes
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Height and sitting height (cm) were measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using a stadiometer (Holtain Ltd®, Crymych, United Kingdom). Body mass was obtained to the nearest 0.1 kg using an electronic scale (Seca Instruments Ltd®, Hamburg, Germany). Sitting height and body mass were measured as described by Vanlandewijck et al. (2011) . Skinfold thicknesses (measured in mm) were measured at four sites (triceps, subscapular, abdominal and suprailiac) using a skinfold caliper (Harpenden, England) and the sum of these four measurements was calculated (sum of skinfolds). The perimeter of the relaxed arm and isometrically contracted arm (90º flexion) were measured using a tape measure (Seca Instruments Ltd®, Hamburg, Germany). All measurements were taken following the guidelines outlined by the ISAK (International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry) by the same researcher.
8
Comprehensive Anthropometric Assessment Protocol
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General data such as age, educational level, marital status, family history of obesity was collected via standard questionnaires. Body weight and height were measured using a digital scale (Seca, Germany) and tape measure with a precision of 100 g and 0.1 cm, respectively, when the subjects were minimally clothed and not wearing shoes in a standing position. Waist circumference (WC, cm) was measured at the narrowest part of the abdomen to the nearest 0.1 cm. BMI was calculated as weight (kilograms) divided by the height (meters) squared. Physical activity was assessed by the validated International Physical Activity Questionnaire [28 (link)].
9
Anthropometric Assessment of Pediatric Nutritional Status
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Anthropometric measurements were performed by trained personnel using standardized procedures. Ambulatory patients were weighed using a digital scale (Tanita model BWB700).
Height was measured with a wallmounted stadiometer (Seca model 208). Nonambulatory patients were weighed on a chair scale (Seca model 954). To measure length in these patients, the summation of bodyparts method was utilized with a Seca tape measure. 17 Nutritional status based on BMI has emerged as the most practical, universally applicable, inexpensive, and noninvasive anthropometric indicator for classifying patients as being thin, overweight, or obese. 18 In this study, BMI was determined as zscore employing Epi Info software (version 3.5.3; Atlanta, GA, USA) according to the following cutoffs: ≤ 2 SD (thin); ≥ 1.99 to ≤ 0.99 SD (normal); ≥ 1 SD (overweight); ≥ 2 SD (obese) for children aged 619 years, and ≥ 2 SD (overweight), ≥ 3 SD (obese) for children aged 35 years. 19, 20 The identification of disorders in nutritional status based on BMI was performed using the same age groups and by 3 Vignos scales detailed below.
Height was measured with a wallmounted stadiometer (Seca model 208). Nonambulatory patients were weighed on a chair scale (Seca model 954). To measure length in these patients, the summation of bodyparts method was utilized with a Seca tape measure. 17 Nutritional status based on BMI has emerged as the most practical, universally applicable, inexpensive, and noninvasive anthropometric indicator for classifying patients as being thin, overweight, or obese. 18 In this study, BMI was determined as zscore employing Epi Info software (version 3.5.3; Atlanta, GA, USA) according to the following cutoffs: ≤ 2 SD (thin); ≥ 1.99 to ≤ 0.99 SD (normal); ≥ 1 SD (overweight); ≥ 2 SD (obese) for children aged 619 years, and ≥ 2 SD (overweight), ≥ 3 SD (obese) for children aged 35 years. 19, 20 The identification of disorders in nutritional status based on BMI was performed using the same age groups and by 3 Vignos scales detailed below.
10
Anthropometric Measurements for Metabolic Risk
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