Nuciferine

Nuciferine was bought from MedChemExpress Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China, purity > 98%). Standard EGCG was obtained from Beijing Solarbio Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China, purity > 98%). Chitosan of medium molecular weight was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA, purity > 75%). Lipo3000 transfection reagent was acquired from Thermo Fisher Co., Ltd. TRIzol^® Plus RNA Purification Kit and Transcriptor First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit were bought from Thermo Fisher (Waltham, MA, USA). Dual-luciferase reporter assay system was purchased from Promega Co., Ltd. (Madison, WI, USA).
The following instruments were used in this study: Zetasizer Nano ZS90 (Malvern Instruments Co., Ltd., Malvern, UK), MIKRO 22R centrifuge (Kirchlengern, NRW, Germany), OLYMPUS BX60 fluorescent microscope camera (OLYMPUS Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), transmission electron microscope (TEM) (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan), and CFX384 multiplex real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR instrument (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA).

Cells were seeded in dish to form a confluent monolayer. Then 200 μl pipette tip was used to make a scratch in the middle of plate, and wash twice with PBS. The monolayer was maintained with the FBS-free media with LAE supplement. Wound closure was monitored after 0 and 36 h. The percent of wound closed are calculated by image J. TGF-β1 was purchased from Peprotech (USA, # 100-21-10) and dissolved in 10 mM citric acid, pH3.0 at 0.1–1.0 mg/ml. Chloroquine diphosphate (CQ) was purchased from Medchem Express (Shanghai, China, cat# HY-17589) and dissolved in H₂O to 10 mg/ml. LiCl was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA, # 213233) and dissolved in cell culture medium to 20 mM. Nuciferine was purchased from Medchem Express (Shanghai, China, cat# HY-N0049) and dissolved in DMSO to 1.6925 mM.