Spectrum 400 ft ir atr spectrometer

For the characterization of the composites, the cellulose/GO/TiO₂ hydrogel was rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen for 5 min and then lyophilized in a freeze drier (Alpha 1-2 LDplus, Christ GmbH, Germany) for 24 h to obtain the of cellulose/GO/TiO₂ aerogel. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was performed using an Ultra 55 (Carl Zeiss SMT AG, Germany). The prepared aerogel was cryo-fractured in liquid nitrogen for 5 min, and then coated with a thin layer of gold. The samples were prepared by flash freezing after immersion in water, and then sputtered with an approximately 5 nm platinum layer. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed using a D/MAX-1200 (Rigaku Co., Japan) with a wavelength of 0.154 nm and a Lynx Eye detector at a scanning rate of 2θ = 1° min⁻¹. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in the range of 4000–500 cm⁻¹ was performed on a Spectrum 400 FT-IR/ATR spectrometer (PerkinElmer, USA). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed using an ESCALAB 250 XPS meter with Al Kα monochromatization. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were carried out on an electrochemical workstation (CHI 660E Chenhua Instrument Company, Shanghai, China) based on a conventional three-electrode system with a frequency range from 0.01 Hz to 100 kHz at the circuit potential.