Kaolinite was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Inc, with a specific surface area of 10.162 m2/g according to the supplier, and the chemical compositions of Kaolinite and metaKaolinite determined by XRF are shown in Table 1 . Instead of distilled water, tap water was used along with industrial phosphoric acid (85%) with a view to industrial applications. Mullite fibers were short fibers sourced from Rayjohn Refractories Ltd. (Huzhou, China). Mullite fiber has an average diameter of 3–5 μm, average length of 2 mm, alumina content of about 75%, and a melting point of about 1850 °C, according to the supplier.
Kaolinite
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany
Kaolinite is a naturally occurring clay mineral that is commonly used in laboratory equipment. It is a hydrous aluminum silicate with the chemical formula Al2Si2O5(OH)4. Kaolinite is known for its physical and chemical properties, which make it suitable for various industrial and scientific applications.
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Lab products found in correlation
Humic acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Potassium ferricyanide, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Montmorillonite, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Illite, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Milli q advantage a10 system, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Caco3, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Sea salt, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Nacalai Tesque (1 mentions)
Immobilon p pvdf membrane, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
1 methyl 2 pyrrolidinone, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Milli q system, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Phenol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Caco3, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Methanol, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Chitin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Avantor (1 mentions)
Formic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium sulfate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ammonium chloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
16 protocols using kaolinite
1
Kaolinite-Mullite Composite Production
2
Rice Growth on Quartz-Clay Substrates
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Three types of silicate were used, namely quartz (similar to experiment 1), which was mixed with 2 different clay minerals: montmorillonite was used because it is a common mineral in the smectite group (natural montmorillonite, Aroma-Zone, France) and kaolinite (Merck, Germany).
We tried to grow rice on a substrate containing only quartz, and we used mixtures of clays with quartz in the following proportions: (vermiculite or kaolinite)/quartz in DW % = [35/65], [25/75] and [15/85] .
We tried to grow rice on a substrate containing only quartz, and we used mixtures of clays with quartz in the following proportions: (vermiculite or kaolinite)/quartz in DW % = [35/65], [25/75] and [15/85] .
3
Heavy Metal Adsorption by Kaolinite-Humic Acid
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Humic acid and kaolinite were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). The approximate molecular weight of HA was 1000 g/mol (as determined by LC-OCD analysis). Analar grade nitrate salts of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni) were employed in the study. These salts were also obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Zeta potential of kaolinite was determined by a method similar to that used for GAC.
4
Clay Mineral Substrate Characterization
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Hydrobiotite (HBT) obtained from Sigma-Aldrich was used as the clay substrate after being ground in a milling machine and sieved through a 20 μm mesh. Other clay minerals, including illite (Yong Koong illite Co., Korea), kaolinite (Sigma-Aldrich) and montmorillonite (Clay Minerals Repository, USA), were used for comparison. A soil sample was collected near the site of the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Daejeon, Korea, and was used after being sieved to a size of less than 2 mm and then dried at room temperature for one week.
5
Adsorption of Norfloxacin on Environmental Matrices
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NOR was acquired from Dr. Ehrenstorfer (Augsburg, Germany). Methanol and acetonitrile (HPLC grade) were obtained from Fisher Science Company. Kaolinite and humic acid (HA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). Fulvic acid (FA) was purchased from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). Unless otherwise indicated, the other chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade. Ultrapure water was obtained from a Milli-Q Advantage A10 system (Millipore, USA). The stock solution (500 mg L−1) of NOR was prepared in methanol and kept at −20 °C.
6
Preparation of Thin-Film Sorbent Surfaces
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Zeolite (zeolith, Sigma) and kaolinite (natural,
Sigma) thin films were prepared on 1 × 1 in. glass slides by
drop-casting 50 mg of each material and kept for 24 h for slow air
drying (seeFigure 1 A). Cement proxy films were prepared in the same manner using a mixture
of 25 mg of CaO (99.95%, Alfa Aesar) and 25 mg of CaCO3 (99.0% calcite, Alfa Aesar). Painted wall surface films were prepared
with commercially available white paint (Behr Marquee interior eggshell
ultrapure white, No. 2450) applied on a wallboard block of dimension
1 × 1 in. Each painted wall sample contained ∼90 to 100
mg of paint. Representative images of the thin films are shown inFigure 1 B.
Sigma) thin films were prepared on 1 × 1 in. glass slides by
drop-casting 50 mg of each material and kept for 24 h for slow air
drying (see
of 25 mg of CaO (99.95%, Alfa Aesar) and 25 mg of CaCO3 (99.0% calcite, Alfa Aesar). Painted wall surface films were prepared
with commercially available white paint (Behr Marquee interior eggshell
ultrapure white, No. 2450) applied on a wallboard block of dimension
1 × 1 in. Each painted wall sample contained ∼90 to 100
mg of paint. Representative images of the thin films are shown in
7
Phenol Adsorption on Activated Carbon
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Commercial TiO2 (P25) was purchased from Degussa (Germany). Untreated granular AC (20–60 mesh), 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP, 99.5%), sea salt and kaolinite were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). The physicochemical properties of AC, P25 TiO2 and PE foam are provided in the Supplementary Information (Table S1† ). Immobilon-P PVDF membrane, phenol (≥99.0%) and acetonitrile (HPLC grade, ≥99.9%) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Lens tissues (11.2 × 21.3 cm) were purchased from Kimtech (USA). Sodium chloride (≥99.5%) was purchased from Nacalai Tesque (Japan). Ferric ion solution and mercuric thiocyanate solution were purchased from Hach (USA). Flake graphite (100 mesh) was purchased from UniRegion Bio-tech (Taiwan). Deionized water (DI water) produced by a Milli-Q system (Millipore Co., MA, USA) with a conductance of 18.2 MΩ cm was used in all experiments. A stock solution of phenol (500 mg L−1) was prepared in DI water and stored at 4 °C for a maximum of 1 month.
8
Modifying Artificial Soil Microcosms for Bacterial Growth
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Each of the components, including sand, kaolinite, bentonite, CaCO3 and humic acid, of the ASM were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used in the following quantities: 35 g, 10 g, 5 g, 0.1 g and 1 g, respectively [29] . ASM was sterilized twice by autoclaving. Modified ASM (mASM) was ASM lacking humic acid.
R. solanacearum SL341 and GMI1000 cells were cultured in CPG broth at 30°C for 24 h with mild shaking at 150 rpm, and were harvested by centrifugation at 16,100×g for 3 min. The bacterial cells were washed once with distilled sterile water, harvested again by centrifugation at 16,100×g for 3 min, and finally resuspended in distilled water to a density of 109 CFU/mL. The mASM, which typically consisted of 50 g of the component mixture, was hydrated with 15 mL of adjusted bacterial cell suspension in 125-mL Erlenmeyer flasks and incubated at 25°C and 4°C. The bacterial cell densities were monitored over time using the dilution plating count method on CPG medium with 1 g of mASM suspended in sterile water. The experiments were conducted in triplicate.
R. solanacearum SL341 and GMI1000 cells were cultured in CPG broth at 30°C for 24 h with mild shaking at 150 rpm, and were harvested by centrifugation at 16,100×g for 3 min. The bacterial cells were washed once with distilled sterile water, harvested again by centrifugation at 16,100×g for 3 min, and finally resuspended in distilled water to a density of 109 CFU/mL. The mASM, which typically consisted of 50 g of the component mixture, was hydrated with 15 mL of adjusted bacterial cell suspension in 125-mL Erlenmeyer flasks and incubated at 25°C and 4°C. The bacterial cell densities were monitored over time using the dilution plating count method on CPG medium with 1 g of mASM suspended in sterile water. The experiments were conducted in triplicate.
9
Synthesis of Metal-Organic Composites
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Ammonium chloride, nickel sulfate hexahydrate, potassium hydroxide, potassium ferricyanide, formic acid, sodium sulfate, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, kaolinite, and chitin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, hydrochloric acid and methanol were purchased from VWR, Sodium hypophosphite monohydrate was purchased from Alfa Aesar, Ag/AgCl (sat KCl) was purchased from CHI, and other chemicals were purchased from commercial vendors. All chemicals were used as received without further purification. Deionized water (18 MΩ cm) was used in all experiments.
10
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Assay
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Acetylcholinesterase
(AChE, EC 3.1.1.7, Type VI-S, 254 U/mg from electric eels), acetylthiocholine
chloride (ATCh), chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, kaolinite (Kaol), montmorillonite
(Mt), bentonite (Bent), sepiolite (Sep), hydrogen tetrachloroaurate
(HAuCl4·3H2O), sodium borohydride (NaBH4), 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES), 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic
acid) (DTNB), disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), sodium
hydroxide (NaOH), potassium chloride (KCl), and potassium ferricyanide
(K3[Fe(CN)6]) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
In addition, 100% acetic acid (CH3COOH) and 99.9% ethanol
(CH3CH2OH) were obtained from QReC Chemical.
Chitosan (CS, average MW = 550 kDa, and
95% acetylation) was obtained from Seafresh Chitosan Co., Ltd., Thailand.
Deionized water was prepared from a Thermo Scientific Barnstead EASY
pure deionization unit. All the chemicals used were of analytical
grade and applied without further treatment.
(AChE, EC 3.1.1.7, Type VI-S, 254 U/mg from electric eels), acetylthiocholine
chloride (ATCh), chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, kaolinite (Kaol), montmorillonite
(Mt), bentonite (Bent), sepiolite (Sep), hydrogen tetrachloroaurate
(HAuCl4·3H2O), sodium borohydride (NaBH4), 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES), 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic
acid) (DTNB), disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), sodium
hydroxide (NaOH), potassium chloride (KCl), and potassium ferricyanide
(K3[Fe(CN)6]) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
In addition, 100% acetic acid (CH3COOH) and 99.9% ethanol
(CH3CH2OH) were obtained from QReC Chemical.
Chitosan (CS, average MW = 550 kDa, and
95% acetylation) was obtained from Seafresh Chitosan Co., Ltd., Thailand.
Deionized water was prepared from a Thermo Scientific Barnstead EASY
pure deionization unit. All the chemicals used were of analytical
grade and applied without further treatment.
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