Solvents were obtained at the highest purity; other reagents were of analytical grade (Sigma Chemicals, St. Louis, MO, USA). Violaxanthin, neoxanthin α-carotene, 9-cis-β-carotene, and 13-cis-β-carotene standards were obtained from CaroteNature (Lupsingen, Switzerland); lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin were purchased from Extrasynthese (Z.I. Lyon-Nord, Genay, France). All-trans-β-carotene was from Sigma Chemicals; α, β, γ, and δ-tocopherol standards were from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany); α, β, γ, and δ-tocotrienol standards were obtained as in [37 (link)].
Zeaxanthin
Manufactured by Extrasynthese
Sourced in France, Switzerland, Germany, United States
Zeaxanthin is a carotenoid compound used in laboratory research. It functions as an antioxidant and can be used as a reference standard or analytical tool in various scientific applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Lutein, by Extrasynthese (24 mentions)
β cryptoxanthin, by Extrasynthese (19 mentions)
β carotene, by Extrasynthese (17 mentions)
Lycopene, by Extrasynthese (11 mentions)
β carotene, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
α carotene, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Trolox, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Astaxanthin, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Lycopene, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Rutin, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Fucoxanthin, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Sodium carbonate, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Hexane, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Folin ciocalteu reagent, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Violaxanthin, by CaroteNature (3 mentions)
Quercetin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Kaempferol, by Extrasynthese (3 mentions)
Potassium sorbate, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
4 hydroxybenzoic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
33 protocols using zeaxanthin
1
Carotenoids and Tocopherols Analysis
2
HPLC-UV-DAD Analysis of Carotenoids
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Carotenoids were extracted by liquid–liquid extraction from plasma samples collected at 0 h and 24 h [32 (link)]. Chromatographic analysis of carotenoids was performed by HPLC-UV-DAD, using an HP 1100 HPLC system (Hewlett-105 Packard, Waldbronn, DE) containing a quaternary pump coupled to a DAD G1315B. The separation was carried out with Milli-Q water, methanol (MeOH) and methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) (Panreac Quimica S.A., Barcelona, Spain), according to a procedure previously validated in our group [32 (link)]. A Waters RP column YMC Carotenoid S-5 µm (250 mm × 4.6 mm) and a precolumn YMC Guard Cartridge Carotenoid S-5 µm (20 mm × 4.0 mαm) were used.
Zeaxanthin (Extrasynthese, Genay, France), lutein, cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene 9- and 13-cis-β-carotene (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), lycopene (Fluka, Bucks, Switzerland), and 5-cis-lycopene (CaroteNature GmbH, Münsingen, Switzerland) were used as standards. These were pooled and prepared in synthetic human plasma (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).
The sensitivity of each analyte was 0.703 µmol/L (lutein), 0.352 µmol/L (Zeaxanthin), 0.362 µmol/L (cryptoxanthin), 0.480 µmol/L (trans-β-apo-8’-carotenal), 0.745 µmol/L (13-cis-β-carotene), 0.373 µmol/L (9-cis-β-carotene and trans-β-carotene), and 0.186 µmol/L (trans and cis-lycopenes) [32 (link)].
Zeaxanthin (Extrasynthese, Genay, France), lutein, cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene 9- and 13-cis-β-carotene (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), lycopene (Fluka, Bucks, Switzerland), and 5-cis-lycopene (CaroteNature GmbH, Münsingen, Switzerland) were used as standards. These were pooled and prepared in synthetic human plasma (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA).
The sensitivity of each analyte was 0.703 µmol/L (lutein), 0.352 µmol/L (Zeaxanthin), 0.362 µmol/L (cryptoxanthin), 0.480 µmol/L (trans-β-apo-8’-carotenal), 0.745 µmol/L (13-cis-β-carotene), 0.373 µmol/L (9-cis-β-carotene and trans-β-carotene), and 0.186 µmol/L (trans and cis-lycopenes) [32 (link)].
3
Carotenoid Quantification by HPLC
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High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade authentic standard reagents, including α-carotene, β-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin, were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). HPLC-grade methanol, acetone, and methyl tert-butyl ether were purchased from Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co. Ltd. (Beijing, China). All aqueous solutions were prepared using ultra-high-purity water (18.2 MΩ. cm) obtained from a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore Corporation, Bedford, MA, USA), filtered through a 0.22 μm filter.
4
Bihor Sea Buckthorn Oil Characterization
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The cold-pressed oil, a kind gift from a local producer from Bihor County (in the Northern region of Romania), was obtained by processing sea buckthorn berries, more precisely Mara variety. The oil was stored at room temperature, away from humidity and light, until use (typically within 15 days).
Tween-20 (Art. No. P1379), pepsin from porcine gastric mucosa (Art. No. P6887), pancreatin from porcine pancreas (Art. No. P7545), cholesterol esterase from porcine pancreas (Art. No. 26745) and bovine bile extract (Art. No. B8631) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany).
β-Carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and zeaxanthin standards were purchased from Extrasynthese (Lyon, France), while zeaxanthin monopalmitate, zeaxanthin dipalmitate, and β-cryptoxanthin palmitate were obtained by semi-synthesis and purified by HPLC-PDA, as previously reported [22 ,23 ].
All used chemicals and reagents were of analytical or HPLC grade. The water used for all experiments was treated in a Milli-Q water purification system.
Tween-20 (Art. No. P1379), pepsin from porcine gastric mucosa (Art. No. P6887), pancreatin from porcine pancreas (Art. No. P7545), cholesterol esterase from porcine pancreas (Art. No. 26745) and bovine bile extract (Art. No. B8631) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany).
β-Carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and zeaxanthin standards were purchased from Extrasynthese (Lyon, France), while zeaxanthin monopalmitate, zeaxanthin dipalmitate, and β-cryptoxanthin palmitate were obtained by semi-synthesis and purified by HPLC-PDA, as previously reported [22 ,23 ].
All used chemicals and reagents were of analytical or HPLC grade. The water used for all experiments was treated in a Milli-Q water purification system.
5
Lipid and Xanthophyll Extraction Protocol
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1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(DPPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(POPC) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc. Crystalline xanthophylls
(all-trans)-Lutein [(3R,3′R,6′R)-β,ε-carotene-3,3′-diol]
and (all-trans)-Zeaxanthin [(3R,3′R)-β,β-carotene-3,3′-diol] were purchased
from Extrasynthese. (All-trans) meso-Zeaxanthin [(3R,3′S)-β,β-carotene-3,3′-diol]
was obtained from U.S. Pharmacopeia. Methanol and methyl tert-butyl ether were purchased from POCH (Poland) and were of chromatographic
quality.
(DPPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(POPC) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc. Crystalline xanthophylls
(all-trans)-Lutein [(3R,3′R,6′R)-β,ε-carotene-3,3′-diol]
and (all-trans)-Zeaxanthin [(3R,3′R)-β,β-carotene-3,3′-diol] were purchased
from Extrasynthese. (All-trans) meso-Zeaxanthin [(3R,3′S)-β,β-carotene-3,3′-diol]
was obtained from U.S. Pharmacopeia. Methanol and methyl tert-butyl ether were purchased from POCH (Poland) and were of chromatographic
quality.
6
Comprehensive Analytical Characterization of Food Compounds
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The ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) diammonium salt, potassium peroxodisulfate, 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine, Trolox®, aminoguanidine hydrochloride, methylglyoxal solution, L-arginine, hexane, 5-hydroxymethyl-L-furfural, BHT (2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), (+)-catechin, rutin, quercetin, D-glucose, citric, L-ascorbic, oxalic, gallic and hydroxybenzoic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Switzerland). Acetone and trifluoroacetic acid were bought from Acros Organics (France). Methanol and acetonitrile were obtained from Fine Chemicals (Netherlands), ethyl acetate from Alfa Aesar (Germany). Acetic and sulfuric acids were from Thermo Scientific (Germany). Lycopene, β-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin were bought from Extrasynthèse (France) and absolute ethanol from Alcosuisse (Switzerland). Fructose and saccharose were obtained from Merck (Germany).
Folin and Ciocaulteu reagent, sodium dihydrogen phosphate mono-hydrate, di-sodium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous and sodium azide were purchased from Chempur (Poland), BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) from Pol-Aura (Poland). The pectinase Pectinex Ultra SP-L was obtained from Novozymes (Denmark).
Deionized water (Milli-Q purification system, BlancLabo, Switzerland) was used for chromatography.
All reagents used were of analytical grade or higher. All solvents were of HPLC grade.
Folin and Ciocaulteu reagent, sodium dihydrogen phosphate mono-hydrate, di-sodium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous and sodium azide were purchased from Chempur (Poland), BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) from Pol-Aura (Poland). The pectinase Pectinex Ultra SP-L was obtained from Novozymes (Denmark).
Deionized water (Milli-Q purification system, BlancLabo, Switzerland) was used for chromatography.
All reagents used were of analytical grade or higher. All solvents were of HPLC grade.
7
Carotenoid and Fatty Acid Analysis
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Reagents and solvents used in extractions and sample preparation were of analytical, HPLC or LC/MS grade and were purchased from Merck Life Science (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). Carotenoid standards, β-carotene, lycopene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) standard (37 component FAME Mix, SUPELCO, catalog No: 47885-U) was purchased from Supelco Inc. (Bellefonte, PA, USA).
8
Carotenoid Analysis by HPLC-DAD
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HPLC-DAD separation was performed using a Shimadzu LC20 AT HPLC system (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) with an SPDM20A diode array detector and a YMC C30 reversed-phase column (250 mm length, 4.6 mm inner diameter and 5 μm particle size). The experimental conditions for the separation and identification by HPLC-DAD were the same as described in a previous study [62 (link)]. Quantification of carotenoids was performed using external calibration with standards of β-carotene, lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, and zeaxanthin purchased from Extrasynthese (Lyon, France) in the range of 1–100 μg/mL. The HPLC-DAD analysis was performed three times for the tested sample and data are expressed in mg/100 g F.W (fresh weight) and presented as the mean ± SD of these three measurements.
9
Carotenoid Quantification in Plasma Samples
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Plasma samples of 200 μL were mixed with 10 μL 8-apocarotenal in ethanol [0.0001% (w/v), (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Luis, MO, USA)] as internal standard, 1 mL ethanol containing 0.01% (w/v) butylhydroxytoluene, and 4 mL hexane:dichloromethane [4:1 (v/v)]. The extraction process was repeated if the plasma samples contained precipitated material. After stirring and centrifugation, the supernatants rich in carotenoids were collected and kept in liquid nitrogen. Subsequently, the samples were evaporated to dryness and the residues were re-dissolved in 200 μL hexane:acetone:ethanol:toluene [10:7:6:7 (v/v/v/v)] solution and filtered through a 0.22-μm filter for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. A C30 carotenoid column [S5 μm, 250 × 2.0 mm I.D. (YMC, Wilmington, NC, USA)] was used at 30 °C, and the SPD-M10 vp diode array detector (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) was set at 460 nm. Carotenoids {[lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene, and lycopene (cis- and trans-isomers)], Extrasynthese, Genay, France} were quantified by determining peak areas in the HPLC chromatograms, calibrated against known standards.
10
Isoflavones and Carotenoids in Cell Study
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Daidzein and genistein were obtained from Nagara Science (Gifu, Japan). (R)-, (S)-Equol was obtained from LC Laboratories (Worburn, MA). Soy isoflavone stock solutions were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (Wako, Osaka, Japan) and used at less than 0.1% in the medium. Beta-carotene was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Zeaxanthin and lutein were obtained from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Carotenoids were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (Sigma-Aldrich) to form a stock solution of 10 mM. The stock solutions were stored in the dark with nitrogen gas filling at −80°C. The concentrations of the carotenoid stock solutions were measured by spectrophotometer and molar extinction coefficient.(14 (link)) The carotenoid concentrations were prepared as above and added to the medium at the experimental concentration, according to Lin et al.(16 (link)) Each compound was used in the doses and combinations as outlined in the Results section and in the figure legends.
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