Spss program for windows software

Sociodemographic variables, the incidence of child-rearing problems and help seeking were described by frequencies and percentages. Bivariate associations between the sociodemographic variables and the major child-rearing problems were evaluated using the chi-square test. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between the sociodemographic background and major child-rearing challenge measures in multivariate analysis: the dependent variable was major child-rearing difficulties (yes/no), and independent variables included the child’s age, gender, delivery mode, prematurity and LBW, the mother’s age and education level, the family structure, the family’s annual income, and primary caregiver (Table 1). The child’s age group, mother’s age group and mother’s education level, which were ordered multi-categorical variables, were translated into dummy variables in logistic analysis. The differences with regard to participating in parenting courses and reasons for not participating between parents with major difficulties and other parents were also evaluated using the chi-square test. Odds ratios (ORs) were presented as results for both bivariate associations and logistic regression model. All of the data preparation and statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS for Windows software program (version 18.0).