Ram hr800

The absorption spectrum of CS–PPy NCs and IR-CS–PPy NCs was discovered using UV–Vis spectroscopy (Thermo Biomate 5 Spectrophotometer). The structure of the synthesized CS–PPy NCs was studied through X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns in the step-scan mode using a Philips X'Pert-MPD PW 3050 diffractometer with Cu K_α (40 kV, 30 mA). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, Perkin Elmer Inc., USA) and Raman spectroscopy (Horiba Jobin Yvon RAM HR800) with frequencies ranging from 4000 to 400 cm⁻¹, were used to investigate the functional and structural groups. The CS–PPy NCs and IR-CS–PPy NCs' size and composition were characterized using field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM; JEM-2100F, JEOL, Japan). The working condition for FE-TEM was maintained as follows: TEM lattice resolution at 200 kV was 0.1 nm, with probe current: 2.5 nA at 0.7 nm of probe diameter (pressure 1 × 10⁻⁸ Pa).

A field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM, JEOL6330, Tokyo, Japan) with an acceleration voltage of 80 kV was utilized to examine the microstructures of the as-prepared micropore/mesopore/macropore hierarchical porous carbon materials. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) mesopore area, t-plot micropore area and N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms were measured with a Micrometrics ASAP 2020 instrument (Micrometrics, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.). The Raman spectrum was determined using a Jobin–Yvon Lab Ram HR800 (HORIBA Jobin Yvon Inc., Paris, France) Raman spectroscope equipped with a 514.5 nm laser source. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, ULVAC–PHI, PHI 5000, Chigasaki, Japan) patterns were obtained using a monochromatic Al-anode X-ray gun. A binding energy of 284.6 eV for C was used to calibrate the charge-shifted energy scale. The spectra were deconvoluted for chemical identification using 100% Gaussian peaks.