Cis permethrin

A total of 20 insecticides that target the VSSC and two synergists were used in this study: acrinathrin (88.7%, Chem Service, West Chester, PA, USA), bioallethrin (3.8% cis, 95.7% trans, Chem Service), bioresmethrin (99.5%, Chem Service), cis‐permethrin (99%, Chem Service), cyfluthrin (98%, Bayer CropScience, Leverkusen, Germany), cyhalothrin (90.2%, ICI Americas, Wilmington, DE, USA), cypermethrin (94.6%, ICI Americas), DDT (1,1‐bis(4‐chlorophenyl)‐2,2,2‐trichloroethane) (98%, Sigma‐Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), deltamethrin (99.5%, Chem Service), diethyl maleate (DEM) (97%, Sigma‐Aldrich), etofenprox (96.3%, Mitsui Toatsu, Tokyo, Japan), 1R‐trans fenfluthrin (100%, Bayer CropScience), fenpropathrin (99.5%, Chem Service), flumethrin (100%, Bayer CropScience), indoxacarb (DPX‐MP062, 100%), and its bioactive metabolite DCJW, (98%, DuPont, Wilmington, DE, USA), tau‐fluvalinate (93.8%, Chem Service), permethrin (99.5% pure, 24.1% cis, 75.8% trans, Chem Service), piperonyl butoxide (PBO) (90%, Sigma‐Aldrich), tefluthrin (96%, Sigma‐Aldrich), transfluthrin (99.5%, Chem Service) and trans‐permethrin (99% FMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA). All insecticides were diluted in acetone (VWR, Radnor, PA, USA).