Escalab 250xi electron spectrometer

The crystal structures of the products were analyzed using a Rigaku D/max 2500V/PC X-ray diffractometer (XRD, Rigaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) using Cu Kα as rediation. The morphologies and nanostructures of the samples were researched using SU8010 field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) and JEM-2100F transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) special surface area of the sample was researched using the N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms on a Micromeritics Autosorb-iQ apparatus (Quantachrome Inc., Florida, FL, USA). The X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Massachusetts, MA, USA) were researched using a Thermo ESCALAB 250XI electron spectrometer.

A field emission scanning electron microscope (FEI Magellan 400L XHR) was used for obtaining the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. A Titan G2 60–300 Cs-corrected transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used for TEM, high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), high angle annular dark-field scanning TEM (HADDF-STEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were performed on a Bruker D8 ADVANCE X-ray diffraction diffractometer. A Thermo ESCALAB250xi electron spectrometer with an Al Kα source (1486.6 eV) as radiation source was used for X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. A Bruker A300 spectrometer was used for acquiring the Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectra.

The morphologies were observed with a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM, JEOL 7800F, Tokyo, Japan) and a transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEOL JEM-2100F, Tokyo, Japan). Before morphology observation, the biofilm adhered anodes were immersed in 4% polyoxymethylene for 12 h and then sequentially dehydrated with ethanol (30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%) and dried in vacuum at room temperature overnight. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surfaces areas and porosity of the samples were evaluated by nitrogen sorption isotherms that measured using an automatic adsorption instrument ASAP 2020 (Micromeritics Instrument, Norcross, Georgia, United States). The thermal stability of CPC precursors was studied using Q50 TGA (TA Instruments NewCastle, DE, USA). The samples were run at the rate of 10 °C/min under nitrogen atmosphere in the range of 30–800 °C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were performed on a Thermo Scientific ESCALAB 250Xi electron spectrometer (Waltham, MA, USA).

The overall particle size and distribution of the catalysts’ morphologies were characterized by scanning electron microscopy on JSM-7800 F microscope at a working voltage of 20 kV. The crystal phases in catalyst samples were analyzed by using powder XRD on a Philips 1730 diffractometer with Cu K_α radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å). XPS was conducted using a Thermo ESCALAB 250 spectrophotometer equipped with an Al K_α line source. Atomic-resolution HAADF images of atomically dispersed Pt sites in the ternary alloy nanocubes were captured in a FEI Theims Z STEM operated at 300 kV. TEM and HR-TEM images were performed on Tecnai G2-F30 equipped with an EDS. The ICP-MS was tested on NexION 300X Spectrometer to determine the metal content in the catalyst. Ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) were performed on an ESCALAB 250Xi electron spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific) using a monochromatic Al Kα source (300 W).