Mannitol

1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ferric-tripyridyltriazine (Fe³⁺-TPTZ) is purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). Chromatographic grade analytical standards asparaginic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, serine, glutamine, histidine, glycine, threonine, citrulline, arginine, alanine, tyrosine, cystine, valine, methionine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, hydroxyproline, proline, 5′-CMP, 5′-UMP, 5′-GMP, 5′-IMP, 5′-XMP, 5′-AMP, trehalose, mannitol, quininic acid, l-malic acid and fumaric acid purchased from Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). α-Amylase, α-glucosidase, 4-nitrophenyl α-d-glucopyranoside (PNPG), and soluble starch were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All other reagents were analytical grade and obtained from Chengdu Kelong Chemical Factory (Chengdu, China).

Mannitol (200 mM, Catalog Number: M8140, Solarbio, China), sodium pyruvate (10 mM, Catalog Number: SP0100, Solarbio, China), uric acid (100 μM, Catalog Number: IU0150, Solarbio, China), tiron (20 mM, Catalog Number: T104954, Aladdin, China), hemoglobin (20 μM, Catalog Number: H8020, Solarbio, China), and monopotassium phosphate (1 mM, Catalog Number: P7392, Solarbio, China) were used to quench hydroxyl radical (OH·), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), ozone (O₃), superoxide anion (O₂^·-), nitric oxide (NO·), and electron (e^-), respectively.
After treating cells with CAP for 2 or 4 min followed by incubation for 1 h, the quencher of each CAP component was added, separately. Viruses were added to cells and incubated for 1 h. The medium was refreshed, and cells were cocultured with viruses for additional 46 h prior to subsequent analyses.