Ab210966

Secreted protein levels of human pro-collagen-I α1, interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 were determined by commercial ELISA kits (Abcam, Bristol, UK, ab210966, ab178013 and ab178886) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Protein levels were normalized to the wet weight of explanted samples and expressed as pg/mg tissue.

Serum from NOAH PLWH was collected at baseline by centrifugation and stored at −80°C. All 356 human serum samples were analyzed using commercially available kits for total Ocn (catalog no. KAQ1381; Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA) and PINP (catalog no. ab210966; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Samples were then randomly sampled and analyzed as follows: 157 were analyzed for Scl (TE1023‐HS; TECOmedical, Sissach, Switzerland) and 77 samples for dickkopf‐1 (catalog no. DKK100B; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). Analysis was stopped when significant associations were revealed. One Ocn and one DKK1 NOAH data point were excluded from the analysis because of being above their respective reference standard range despite several dilutions. Serum from NHP was also collected by centrifugation before CBA, before SIV infection, and before initiation of ART. The same kits were used to measure Ocn and Scl in these serum samples.