2 hydroxy 1 ethanethiol

The reagents used in this study were obtained from those sources: MitoTracker Green FM (Invitrogen; Carlsbad, CA), LysoTracker Green DND‐26 (Invitrogen), ER‐Tracker Green (Invitrogen), Hoechst 33342 (Invitrogen), cytochalasin B (APExBio, A8487), rottlerin (Abcam, Ab120377), dynasore (MedChemExpress, HY‐15304), nocodazole (APExBio, A8487), EIPA (MedChemExpress, HY‐101840), Dibucaine (MedChemExpress, HY‐B0552), Sphingosine (StredMarq, SIH‐202), RNase inhibitor Ribonucleoside Vanadyl Complexes (RVC) (Beyotime), and TRIzol (Sigma‐Aldrich). HeLa, A549, HEK293T, SGC‐7901, and U87MG cell lines were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, VA). MIN6 cell line was donated by Prof. Xiao Han at School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University. SGC‐7901 cells were cultured in RPMI‐1640 (Gibco; Carlsbad, CA) supplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS (Genial; Brighton, CO). MIN6 cells were maintained in RPMI‐1640 contained with 1% l‐glutamine and 15 mm HEPES, supplemented with 15% (v/v) FBS and 0.1% 2‐hydroxy‐1‐ethanethiol (Sigma‐Aldrich). All other cells were cultured in DMEM (Gibco; Carlsbad, CA) supplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS at 37 °C under 5% CO₂.

The DPPH^●, ABTS^●+, 1,10-phenanthroline, H₂O₂, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 95% ethanol, ascorbic acid, 0.4% trypan blue, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were purchased from Sigma (Australia) and Lomb Scientific Pty Ltd. (Australia). The foetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco, Australia), CCK-8 kits (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, China), antibiotics, and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) with gluMax were purchased from BD Bioscience. The other reagentswere tris-HCl (AMRESCO, USA), 2-hydroxy-1-ethanethiol (Sigma Aldrich, USA), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, AMRESCO, USA), anti-IL-6 (CST, USA), anti-TNF-α (ABCAM, USA), anti-GAPDH (CST, USA), and albumin bovine V (AMRESCO, USA). The TNF-α and IL-6 (mouse), ELISA standards and antibodies were purchased from BD Bioscience (USA).