Apigenin

Apigenin was purchased from Enzo Life Science (Plymouth, PA, USA). α-Modified minimum essential medium (α-MEM), RPMI 1640 medium, and penicillin/streptomycin antibiotic mixture were obtained from Life Technologies, Inc. (Grand Island, NY, USA). Fetal bovine serum was obtained from Moregate BioTech (Bulimba, Australia). Recombinant murine M-CSF and recombinant human soluble RANKL (sRANKL) were from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA) and Pepro Tech EC., Ltd. (London, UK), respectively.

Nine flavone materials (apigenin, chrysin, 6,7-dihydroxyflavone, homoorientin, 7-hydroxyflavone, isorhoifolin, luteolin, luteolin-3′,7-diglucoside, and orientin; each prepared with 2 mg/mL DMSO) were purchased from Enzo Life Sciences (Farmingdale, NY, USA). The recombinant DGAS was prepared according to previous methods [25 ]. All other chemicals used in this study were of analytical reagent grade and were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany).

Cytochrome C oxidase subunit IV (CoxIV), β-actin and IDH2 antibodies, and acetylated lysine antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). Anti-acetylated SOD2 (Lys-68) antibody was obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). The antibodies against Sirt3 and CD38 (M-19) used for western blotting and the antibody against CD38 (H-11) used for immunohistochemistry were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). The anti-acetylated IDH2 (Lys-413) antibody was obtained from GeneTel Laboratories LLC (Madison, WI, USA). The anti-SOD2 antibody was purchased from Enzo Life Science (New York, NY, USA). The anti-Kim-1 antibody was obtained from R & D Systems, Inc. (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Apigenin was purchased from Enzo Life Science (New York, NY, USA).