Ham s f 12 nutrient mixture dmem f12

HA22T/VGH (HA22T, #60168) cells were purchased from the Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC, Hsinchu, Taiwan) and maintained in a 3:2 mixture of Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium and Ham’s F-12 Nutrient Mixture (DMEM/F12, 3:2; HIMEDIA, Mumbai, India) supplemented with 8% fetal bovine serum (FBS; ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA, USA) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin-amphotericin B (P/S/A; #03-033-1B, Biological Industries, Beit-Haemek, Israel). Cultures were grown in a 37 °C incubator with an atmosphere containing 5% CO₂. Hematoxylin staining was utilized to visualize the cell nucleus. The treated cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) for 10 min and stained with hematoxylin (#GHS3, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 5 min.

The Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC; Hsinchu, Taiwan) provided HA22T/VGH (HA22T, #60168) and HA59T/VGH (HA59T, #60169) cells, which were maintained in a 3:2 mixture of Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium and Ham’s F-12 Nutrient Mixture (DMEM/F12, 3:2; HIMEDIA, Mumbai, India) supplemented with 8% fetal bovine serum. Cells were cultured in a 37 °C incubator with 5% CO₂.