Salvinorin a

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

Salvinorin A is a naturally occurring chemical compound found in the Salvia divinorum plant. It is a highly potent and selective kappa opioid receptor agonist. Salvinorin A is a white crystalline powder that is used in scientific research for the study of kappa opioid receptor function and potential therapeutic applications.

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6 protocols using salvinorin a

Salvinorin A Neuroprotection in Ischemia-Reperfusion

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Sham-operated animals underwent a similar procedure, with the exception of arterial occlusion. The ischemia reperfusion (IR) control group received DMSO (Amresco, USA, 1 µL/kg, iv) administration immediately after ischemia (n=6). Two different doses of salvinorin A (Sigma, USA, 10 and 20 µg/kg, iv) were administered with the onset of reperfusion (n=6). The 5th, 6th, and 7th groups received salvinorin A (20 µg/kg, iv) and LY294002 (Cayman Chemical, USA, inhibitor of PI3K, 10 µM), L-NAME (Cayman Chemical, inhibitor of NOS, 10 μM) or norbinaltorphimine (norBIN, Sigma, antagonist of KOR, 1 μM), injected topically through cranial window, after ischemia (n=6) as described in previous studies (19 (link)–21 (link)).

Dong H.P., Zhou W., Ma X.X., He Z.Z, & Wang Z.H. (2018). Salvinorin A preserves cerebral pial artery autoregulation after forebrain ischemia via the PI3K/AKT/cGMP pathway. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 51(5), e6714.

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Analysis of Terpenoid Compounds

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Dichloromethane was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Both internal standards, tridecane (C₁₃H₂₈) and docosane (C₂₂H₄₆), were obtained from Polyscience Corporation (Niles, IL, USA). The reference standards, α-pinene, β-pinene, 3-carene, eucalyptol, camphor, endo-borneol, β-caryophyllene, viridiflorol, α-bisabolol, tanshinone II, cryptotanshinone, salvinorin A, and salvinorin B, used to confirm compound identification, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), Agilent Technologies, Inc. (Santa Clara, CA, USA), or isolated from plant material in-house at the NCNPR.

Lee J., Wang M., Zhao J., Avula B., Chittiboyina A.G., Li J., Wu C, & Khan I.A. (2022). Chemical Authentication and Speciation of Salvia Botanicals: An Investigation Utilizing GC/Q-ToF and Chemometrics. Foods, 11(14), 2132.

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Intrathecal Administration of Selective Opioid Agonists

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Drugs employed in this study include [D-Ala2, N-MePhe4, Gly-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO, 0.05mg/kg) and (+)-4-[(αR)-α-((2S,5R)-4-Allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl]-N,N-diethylbenzamide (SNC80, 500ng/kg) from Tocris Bioscience (Ellisville, MI), and Salvinorin A (0.2mg/kg, Sigma, St. Louis, MO). SNC80, DAMGO, and Salvinorin A are highly selective agonists for DOR, MOR and KOR, respectively. Drug or vehicle (5 μL, 5% DMSO in PBS) was administered intrathecally. Mice were first anesthetized with 4% isoflurane, followed by 2% isoflurane administration through a nose cone during the injection. A 10 μl Hamilton syringe with a 30½ G needle was inserted in between the groove of L5 and L6 vertebrae. The successful entry of the needle was confirmed with a tail flick. The experimenter has previously practiced this technique with fast blue injection, to ensure the proper delivery of the solution through intrathecal injection. Animals were allowed to recover from anesthesia for one hour before proceeding to either paw withdrawal, tail withdrawal, OF, or EZM testing. Drug treatment and behavioral testing were conducted at week 4 following HSC-3 inoculation.

Ye Y., Bernabé D.G., Salvo E., Viet C.T., Ono K., Dolan J.C., Janal M., Aouizerat B.E., Miaskowski C, & Schmidt B.L. (2017). Alterations in Opioid Inhibition Cause Widespread Nociception but Do Not Affect Anxiety-Like Behavior in Oral Cancer Mice. Neuroscience, 363, 50-61.

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Isolation and Characterization of Terpenes

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GGPP was obtained from Echelon (Salt Lake City, UT, USA). (–)-Kolavenol and hardwickiic acid were purchased from BioBioPha (Kunming, Yunnan, China). Salvinorin B and salvinorin A were from Sigma-Aldrich. Apigenin was from Indofine.

Chen X., Berim A., Dayan F.E, & Gang D.R. (2017). A (–)-kolavenyl diphosphate synthase catalyzes the first step of salvinorin A biosynthesis in Salvia divinorum. Journal of Experimental Botany, 68(5), 1109-1122.

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Mast Cell Activation Study with Salvinorin A

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The RBL‐2H3 cell line was purchased from the Type Cell Culture Collection of the Chinese Academy of Science (Shanghai, China). Cells were grown in culture dishes filled with minimum essential medium (HyClone Laboratories, Logan, UT, USA) supplemented with 15% FBS (Gibco, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and 100 μg·mL⁻¹ streptomycin/penicillin. The cells were placed in an incubator with 1.5 mg·mL⁻¹ sodium bicarbonate, 110 μg·mL⁻¹ sodium pyruvate and 5% CO₂ at 37 °C. After incubation in a 48‐well plate for 12 h, cells were treated with 100 ng·mL⁻¹ DNP‐IgE (Sigma‐Aldrich, MO, USA) for another 12 h and pretreated with salvinorin A (purity: 99% by HPLC; Sigma‐Aldrich) for 1 h. The earlier treated cells were stimulated with 250 ng·mL⁻¹ DNP‐HSA (Biosearch, Petaluma, CA, USA) for 12 h. There were three groups: the control group, DNP‐IgE/HSA group and DNP‐IgE/HSA + salvinorin A group.

Shou Q., Tan T, & Xu F. (2021). Salvinorin A inhibits ovalbumin‐stimulated allergic rhinitis and RBL‐2H3 cells degranulation. FEBS Open Bio, 11(8), 2166-2173.

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Salvia divinorum Products Profiling

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Twelve commercial products belonging to three commercial brands were legally purchased via the internet from Mexican internet retailers. Eleven of the products were labelled as concentrated dried leaf extracts, all identified as Salvia divinorum.
The products were labelled as a variety of "strengths" from 5X to 100X. The reference standard salvinorin A (purity ≥ 98%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Mexico). HPLC grade solvents methanol and acetonitrile, and formic acid were obtained from JT Baker (USA).The deionized water used was of Milli-Q quality.

Hernández-Bello R., García-Rodríguez R.V., García-Sosa K., Peña-Rodríguez L.M., Vázquez-Hernández M., Ramos-Morales F.R., Corcoran O, & Sánchez-Medina A. (2015). Salvinorin A content in legal high products of Salvia divinorum sold in Mexico. Forensic science international, 249.

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