Hepatic steatosis was evaluated using the following five criteria: parenchymal brightness, liver to kidney contrast, deep beam attenuation, bright vessel walls, and gallbladder wall definition. The presence, absence, or degree of these five criteria was recorded. An experienced radiologist supervised the trained ultrasound image readers. Aside from normal sonography patterns, the degree of hepatic steatosis severity was classified as mild, moderate, or severe.
Diabetes was defined as a fasting plasma glucose level ≥126 mg/dL, glycated hemoglobin level ≥6.5%, diabetes history, or hypoglycemia medication use. A trained research assistant measured blood pressure. Waist circumference was measured by a steel measuring tape at the iliac crest from the right side of the body. Serum HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and glycated hemoglobin were measured via chemical analyses (Hitachi 737 Analyzer; Indianapolis, Indiana)