Salinity of canal river water, freshwater and ponded water in the field were monitored regularly in all experiments using a calibrated hand-held EC meter (Hanna Instruments, USA). Additional systematic measurements were also performed before and after each irrigation event. In Expts 1 & 2, soil salinity was monitored continuously at 15 cm depth from the soil surface using 5TE sensors (Decagon Devices, USA). Bulk soil salinity data were recorded hourly in each plot and stored on an automatic data-logger. In Expts 3 and 4, soil salinity was monitored at the same frequency as the water salinity measurements, and was measured using a portable EC meter with one replicate per treatment. An automated Decagon weather station (model DWS, http://www.ictinternational.com/products/dws-decagon-weather-station/dws-decagon-weather-station/ ) was installed near the fields to record rainfall, air temperature, relative air humidity, wind speed and solar radiation on an hourly basis. Data were averaged and summed for daily values.
5te sensor
Manufactured by METER Group
Sourced in United States
The 5TE sensor is a multipurpose sensor that measures soil moisture, electrical conductivity, and temperature. It provides accurate and reliable data for various applications.
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Lab products found in correlation
5 protocols using 5te sensor
1
Monitoring of Water and Soil Salinity
2
Soil Sensor Monitoring Protocol
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In November 2014, eight 5TE sensors (Decagon Devices, Pullman, Washington, USA) were inserted at 10 cm depth of the soil in the center of each plot to monitor soil temperature, soil water content, and soil salt content. Data were automatically recorded at 2-h intervals by EM50 data loggers (Decagon Devices). Daily air temperature (HMP45C; Vaisala, Helsinki, Finland), precipitation (TE525 tipping bucket gauge; Texas Electronics, Dallas, Texas, USA), and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR; LI-190SB; Li-Cor, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA) were recorded automatically with an array of sensors installed 200 m away from the experimental site.
3
Monitoring Greenhouse and Field Microclimate
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The meteorological factors, solar radiation (Rs, W m−2), relative humidity (RH, %), air temperature (Ta, °C), and vapor pressure deficit (VPD, kPa), for field and greenhouse experiments are shown in Figure 1 . In the field experiment of 2016, meteorological data were recorded every 15 min from a weather station (Weather Hawk, Campbell Scientific, USA) 50 m away from the experiment field. In the greenhouse experiment of 2017, an automatic weather station (HOBO, Onset Computer Corp., USA) was installed in the middle of the greenhouse and data were collected every 15 min. VPD was calculated from RH and Ta (Norman, 1998 ). To measure soil water content (SWC, cm3 cm−3), one 5TE sensor (Decagon Devices, Inc., USA) was installed at the depth of 15 cm in three randomly selected containers in each treatment in both experiments. The data were collected every 30 min by an EM50 data logger (Decagon Devices, Inc., USA). Sensors were calibrated by optimizing gravimetrically and sensor-measured volumetric water contents.
4
Soil Water Content Measurement and Irrigation
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A 5TE sensor (Decagon Devices, Inc., United States) was installed at 15 cm depth in three randomly selected containers in every treatment to measure soil water content (SWC; cm3/cm3). The data were collected every 30 min by an EM50 data logger (Decagon Devices, Inc., United States). The sensors were calibrated gravimetrically using sensor-measured data for volumetric water content. When the water content in the containers decreased to 70% of field capacity θf (Agbenin and Tiessen, 1995 (link)), which was determined using the cutting ring method (Hu et al., 2011 (link)), the pots were irrigated to about 95% of field capacity. The amount of irrigation water was calculated using the equation:
where W (cm3) is the irrigation amount; θt1 and θt2 (cm3⋅cm–3) are, respectively, the upper limits of soil water content and the measured soil water content before irrigation; and V (cm3) is the pot soil volume. To prevent irrigation water leakage from the containers, irrigation occurred over a short period, and the irrigation quantity did not exceed field capacity. Irrigation quantities and potassium amounts applied during all growth stages are given inTable 1 .
where W (cm3) is the irrigation amount; θt1 and θt2 (cm3⋅cm–3) are, respectively, the upper limits of soil water content and the measured soil water content before irrigation; and V (cm3) is the pot soil volume. To prevent irrigation water leakage from the containers, irrigation occurred over a short period, and the irrigation quantity did not exceed field capacity. Irrigation quantities and potassium amounts applied during all growth stages are given in
5
Automated Irrigation and Potassium Dosing
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A 5TE sensor (Decagon Devices, Inc., United States) was installed at 15 cm depth in three randomly selected containers in every treatment to measure soil water content (SWC; cm3/cm3). The data were collected every 30 min by an EM50 data logger (Decagon Devices, Inc., United States). The sensors were calibrated gravimetrically using sensor-measured data for volumetric water content. When the water content in the containers decreased to 70% of field capacity θf (Agbenin and Tiessen, 1995 (link)), which was determined using the cutting ring method (Hu et al., 2011 (link)), irrigation was about 95% of field capacity. The amount of irrigation water was calculated using the equation:
where W (cm3) is the irrigation amount; θt1 and θt2 (cm3/cm3) are, respectively, the upper limits of soil water content and the measured soil water content before irrigation; and V (cm3) is the pot soil volume. To prevent irrigation water leakage from the pots, irrigation should occur over a short period, and the irrigation amount should not exceed field capacity. Irrigation amounts and potassium quantities applied during all the growth stages are given inTable 1 .
where W (cm3) is the irrigation amount; θt1 and θt2 (cm3/cm3) are, respectively, the upper limits of soil water content and the measured soil water content before irrigation; and V (cm3) is the pot soil volume. To prevent irrigation water leakage from the pots, irrigation should occur over a short period, and the irrigation amount should not exceed field capacity. Irrigation amounts and potassium quantities applied during all the growth stages are given in
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