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17 protocols using calcium chloride

1

Chiral Separation of Carvedilol Enantiomers

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Incubation was done in refrigerated shaker incubator of model Innova 4230, New Brunswick Scientific Co., Inc., (NJ, USA). Sample analysis was done by using a chiral column purchased from Phenomenex (USA) (Lux Cellulose-4; 250 × 4.6 mm; 5 µ particle size) and an Ultra Fast Liquid Chromatograph of Shimadzu (Kyoto, Japan) equipped with binary pump (LC 20AD), UV/Visible detector (LC 20A) and Rheodyne injector port. Lab solutions software was employed for the HPLC analysis.
Racemic Carvedilol was kindly gifted by Symed labs limited, Medak (India). (S)-(−)-Carvedilol and (R)-(+)-Carvedilol were purchased from the Toronto Pharmaceuticals (Canada). Calcium chloride, sodium alginate, sodium chloride and di-potassium hydrogen phosphate were purchased from Hi Media Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai (India). Solvents (n-heptane, isopropanol and methanol) of HPLC grade were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., Maharashtra (India). Laboratory grade ethyl acetate was purchased from Finar limited, Ahmadabad, Gujarat (India).
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2

Alginate-Gelatin Hydrogel Formulation

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Alginate (300 kDa), gelatin (bovine skin), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), quercetin, calcium chloride, and acetic acid were obtained from Hi-Media, India Limited. The samples were prepared and characterized in PBS and double-distilled water.
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3

Natural Antimicrobial Polymer Formulations

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Sodium alginate with a medium viscosity and high mannuronic acid without inulin were purchased from Hi-media (Mumbai). They were prepared in distilled water and autoclaved at 121 °C for 15 min. The low-molecular-weight chitosan (deacetylated chitin, Hi-Media, Laboratories Mumbai), was prepared in distilled water and pure hydrochloric acid (Loba Chemie, Pvt Ltd.—Mumbai, India). Xanthan gum, gum acacia, and carrageenan were purchased from Loba Chemie, Pvt Ltd.—Mumbai, India. Starch, sodium caseinate, pepsin, trypsin, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, trisodium citrate, sodium hydroxide, potassium chloride, phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.2), and hydrochloric acid were purchased from Hi-media Laboratories (Mumbai, India). Glacial acetic acid with molar mass of 60.05 g mol−1 was bought from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Pancreatin, peptone, and bile salt were obtained from Loba Chemie, Pvt Ltd. (Mumbai, India). The De Man Rogosa and Sharpes (MRS) broth and MRS agar used in this work were purchased from Hi-media Laboratories (Mumbai). Indicator microorganisms used for the antimicrobial activity; i.e., Escherichia coli (MTCC No-432), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC No-96), and Bacillus cereus (MTCC No-430), were procured from the Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH; Chandigarh, India).
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4

Diclofenac and Tamoxifen Formulation

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Diclofenac sodium and Tamoxifen was obtained as a gift sample from Mugunthan Pharmacy, Parangipettai. Calcium Chloride, Sodium Carbonate and Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) were purchased from HiMedia Laboratories, Mumbai. Glycerol anhydrous GR (GLY) was obtained from Merck, India. All other analytical grade solvents and chemicals used in the present study were procured from Fisher Scientific, India.
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5

Neurochemical Assessment of Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination

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Diazepam, mitoxantrone HCl, and quetiapine fumarate were obtained as gift sample from Intas Pharmaceuticals, Ahmedabad, India. Sodium valproate was obtained as a gift sample from Chemclone Industries, Ahmedabad, India. Phenobarbitone sodium was purchased from Abbott India Ltd., Mumbai, India. Sodium chloride, potassium chloride, glucose, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, hydrochloric acid, and glacial acetic acid were obtained from Qualigen Fine Chemicals, Mumbai, India. All the reagents and chemicals used for the study were of analytical grade. Paraformaldehyde, percoll, sucrose, disodium EDTA, Tris buffer, HEPES sodium salt, sodium bicarbonate, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, 4-aminopyridine, glutamate, NAD+ (oxidized form), cresyl violet acetate stain, and luxol fast blue stain were purchased from Himedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India. Cuprizone, Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA), and L-glutamic acid dehydrogenase solution (bovine liver origin) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich, USA. Isoflurane (Raman and Weil Pvt. Ltd., Daman, India) was used for anesthetizing animals. Heparin was purchased from Biological E. Ltd, Hyderabad, India. Deionised water for HPLC was prepared in-house using a Milli-Q integral water purification system (Millipore Elix, Germany).
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6

Insulin Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

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Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s
medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), Penstrep, and trypsin-EDTA
were obtained from Gibco. Monosodium phosphate (NaH2PO4), Rat/Mouse
(EZRMI-13K) Insulin ELISA Assay Kit, and ethanol were purchased from
Merck. Magnesium chloride (MgCl2), glucose, calcium chloride
(CaCl2), potassium chloride (KCl), HEPES, monopotassium
phosphate (KH2PO4), sodium chloride (NaCl),
dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4), sodium bicarbonate
(NaHCO3), formaldehyde, 2-propanol, BSA, and Bradford were
purchased from Himedia, India. Glucose oxidase, 4-aminoantipyrine N-ethyl-N-sulfopropyl-M-toluidine, horseradish peroxidase, disodium phosphate (Na2HPO4), and chloroform were purchased from Sigma, India.
Trizol was obtained from Ambion Life Technology.
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7

Fabrication of Cellulose-Alginate Scaffolds

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Scaffolds are fabricated by mixing 1% sodium alginate M.W. 749 g mol−1 (Sigma Aldrich USA), 1% calcium chloride (HiMedia), and 10% cellulose acetate with average molecular weight 100 000 (Acros Organics) in a ratio of 5 : 1 : 10 followed by drop casting 1 mL of the mixture on a cover slip. The scaffolds are allowed to polymerize overnight at room temperature.
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8

Analytical-Grade Chemical Synthesis

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Silver nitrate (AgNO3) as analytical grade, citric acid, ferric ammonium citrate, sodium nitrite, magnesium sulphate, calcium chloride, sodium carbonate, EDTA disodium salt, zinc sulphate, manganese chloride, copper sulphate, sodium molybdate, and cobalt nitrate were purchased from Himedia Laboratories Pvt., Ltd., while dipotassium hydrogen phosphate and boric acid were purchased from SRL (Mumbai, India).
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9

Synthesis of Metal-Protein Conjugates

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Auric chloride (AuCl3), EST from
porcine liver, and rhodamine 6G were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (USA).
Various metal ion salts were purchased from different vendors, that
is, mercuric chloride, nickel(II) sulfate, zinc(II) acetate, and tin
chloride from Sigma-Aldrich, USA; calcium chloride, cobalt chloride,
sodium selenite, copper sulfate, aluminium sulfate, ferric chloride,
and manganese chloride from Himedia, India; cadmium chloride from
Qualigenes, India; magnesium chloride from, CDH, New Delhi, India;
and lead(II) acetate from Merck, India. Deionized water (Viola), NaOH
(Avra, India) and HCl (RANKEM, India) were used in the experiments.
Various other analytical grade chemicals and organic solvents were
purchased from the suitable vendors.
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10

Comprehensive Chemical Reagents for Analytical Procedures

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Various chemicals of analytical
grade like hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3), phosphoric acid (H3PO4), sodium tungstate (Na2WO4·2H2O), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), ammonium
molybdate ((NH4)6Mo7O24), ferric chloride (FeCl3), sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium
ferricyanide (K3Fe(CN)6), potassium permanganate
(KMnO4), sodium phosphate buffer, sulfosalicylic acid,
trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) were obtained from Sisco Research Laboratory
(Mumbai, India). Liquified phenol, 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic
acid (ABTS), boron trifluoride-methanol (BF3-methanol),
tannic acid, gallic acid, rutin, aluminum chloride (AlCl3), and heptadecanoic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Bangalore,
India). 2,2-Diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid,
bovine serum albumin, methyl orange indicator, calcium chloride, phytic
acid, folin-Ciocalteau’s reagent, and ascorbic acid were obtained
from Hi-Media Labs, Mumbai, India. Solvents like acetone, n-hexane,
methanol, and absolute ethanol were procured from Merck (Mumbai, India).
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