The 1H (400 MHz) and 13C (100 MHz) NMR spectra were taken on a Bruker Advance 400 spectrometer (Bruker Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA), using deuterated chloroform (CDCl3, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany); chemical shifts of both the hydrogen and carbon spectrum are found in δ (ppm) and coupling constants (J) in Hz. The analytical reactive grade solvents used for the extractions, isolations, and purification of the compounds were hexane (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), ethyl acetate (EtOAc, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and methanol (MeOH, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). The separation was carried out by column chromatography (CC) with the stationary phase of silica gel 60 (230–450, Alfa Aesar, Switzerland) and silica gel coated plates were used (ALUGRAM® SIL G/UV254, 0.20 mm, MACHEREY-NAGEL, Duren, Germany) for thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis.
Etoac
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany, United States, Italy
EtOAc is a colorless, volatile, and flammable liquid used as a solvent in various laboratory applications. It is a common organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOCH2CH3.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Hexane, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
N hexane, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Acetone, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Dinitrosalicylic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Acarbose, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Ch2cl2, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
N n dimethylformamide (dmf), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Penicillin streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Cdcl3, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Na2so4, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Propargyl bromide, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (1 mentions)
Methanol, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Butan 1 ol, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Methyl tert butyl ether (mtbe), by Honeywell (1 mentions)
Dichloromethane, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
N heptane, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hplc 1200 series rapid resolution, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Ammonium formate nh4hco2, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ferric chloride fecl3, by HiMedia (1 mentions)
25 protocols using etoac
1
Spectral Analysis and Purification of Organic Compounds
2
Synthesis of 4-(Phenylazo)phenyl Alkyne
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
4-(Phenylazo)phenol (TCI chemicals, Belgium) (50 mg, 0.252 mmol, 1 eq) was dissolved in previously degassed acetone (3 mL) (Merck Life Science S.r.l., Italy). Potassium carbonate (K2CO3) (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Germany) (174 mg, 1.26 mmol, 5 eq) was added to the organic solution and the reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. under inert atmosphere for 90 min. Then, propargyl bromide (TCI chemicals, Belgium) (150 mg, 1.26 mmol, 5 eq) was added, and the reaction mixture was refluxed overnight, under inert atmosphere. Removal of the acetone under vacuum provided the solid crude product. It was then re-dissolved and extracted with EtOAc (Merck Life Science S.r.l., Italy) and the combined organic solution was washed with water and dried over Na2SO4 (Merck Life Science S.r.l., Italy). Removal of the solvent under vacuum was employed to yield the alkyne as an orange powder (56.5 mg, 0.239 mmol, 95%).
1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz, δH, ppm): 7.94 (m, 2H, H-2), 7.89 (dt, 2H, H-2’), 7.54–7.42 (m, 3H, H-3’, H-4’), 7.12 (m, 2H, H-3), 4.78 (d, 2H, CH2), 2.57 (t, 1H, triple bond C–H). FTIR-ATR: ν (cm−1): 3266, 3076, 2927, 2129, 1600, 1584, 1489, 1237, 1144, 1016.
The above 1H NMR and FTIR-ATR analytical data agreed with those reported in the literature39 (link).
1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz, δH, ppm): 7.94 (m, 2H, H-2), 7.89 (dt, 2H, H-2’), 7.54–7.42 (m, 3H, H-3’, H-4’), 7.12 (m, 2H, H-3), 4.78 (d, 2H, CH2), 2.57 (t, 1H, triple bond C–H). FTIR-ATR: ν (cm−1): 3266, 3076, 2927, 2129, 1600, 1584, 1489, 1237, 1144, 1016.
The above 1H NMR and FTIR-ATR analytical data agreed with those reported in the literature39 (link).
3
Astaxanthin Extraction from Red Cysts
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
The chemicals used to extract astaxanthin from the red cyst cells and zoospores, n-heptane (≥99.9%), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) (≥99.5%) and dichloromethane (DCM) (99.8%) were purchased from Merck KGaA (Germany), methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) (>99.5%) from Honeywell (Israel) and butan-1-ol (≥99.8%) from VWR Chemicals (Germany). Deionised water was supplied by an in-house network. HPLC analysis was performed using Millipore 18 Mohm water, methanol (liquid chromatography grade) from VWR Chemicals (Germany) and MTBE (>99.5%) from Honeywell (Israel). The relevant physical properties of the solvents used in this study are reported in Table 1 . Solvents were chosen according to their solubility in water, hydrophobicity (log Poctanol/water) and enthalpy of vaporisation.
4
Trichoderma Metabolite Extraction and Purification
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
Trichoderma metabolites were produced by inoculating 1 L potato dextrose broth (PDB; Sigma-Aldrich Chemie, Munich, Germany) in 2 L conical flasks with 30 agar plugs (5 mm Ø) taken from actively growing cultures of the respective Trichoderma strains in triplicates. After 12 d incubation on a rotary shaker at 150 rpm and 25 °C in the dark, the fungal biomass was removed by filtration through a Whatman filter paper and the culture filtrates were extracted twice with equal volumes of ethyl acetate (EtOAc; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). The organic phases were combined, dehydrated with Na2SO4, and evaporated under reduced pressure (150–170 mbar) in a rotary evaporator at 40 °C. The residues were then re-dissolved in a mixture of acetonitrile (ACN): H2O [1:1 (v:v)] and centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 5 min. Supernatants were eventually submitted to Varian® preparative HPLC. The purified compounds were separately collected, pooled, extracted with EtOAc, and eventually evaporated until the substances recrystalized. For biological assays, the purified metabolites were re-dissolved in acetone (stock solution 10 mg mL−1) according to El-Hasan et al. [33 (link)].
5
Sphingolipid Extraction and HPLC/MS Analysis
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
All solvents used for sphingolipids extraction and HPLC/MS analysis were of HPLC/MS grade. Methanol (MeOH), isopropyl alcohol (iPrOH), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and acetonitrile (ACN) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Ammonium formate (NH4HCO2) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich.
Mass spectrometry analyses were performed by LC (HPLC 1200 series rapid resolution) coupled to a triple quadrupole MS (G6420 series triple quadrupole, QqQ; Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA), with an electrospray ionization source (ESI). Chromatographic column and analysis software were provided by Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, CA, USA). The temperature was set at 350 °C, the nitrogen flow at 10 L/min, the nebulization pressure at 20 psi, and the voltage at 4000 V.
Mass spectrometry analyses were performed by LC (HPLC 1200 series rapid resolution) coupled to a triple quadrupole MS (G6420 series triple quadrupole, QqQ; Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA), with an electrospray ionization source (ESI). Chromatographic column and analysis software were provided by Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, CA, USA). The temperature was set at 350 °C, the nitrogen flow at 10 L/min, the nebulization pressure at 20 psi, and the voltage at 4000 V.
6
Phytochemical and Bioactive Evaluation
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
n-Hexane, DCM, EtOAc, MeOH, acetone, and dinitro salicylic acid (DNS) were obtained from Merck. DPPH, 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), ascorbic acid, ferric chloride (FeCl3), and ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) were purchased from the Hi-Media Laboratories. Pancreatic α-amylase was obtained from Sisco Research. Lab Pvt. Ltd. DTNB, acetylcholine iodide (AChI), 9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine hydrochloride (tacrine hydrochloride), ABTS, and AChE were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). All the chemicals were of analytical grade.
7
Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Effects
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
Dichloromethane (DCM with p.a grade and purity of purchased from Merck), methanol (MeOH p.a, Merck), Ethyl acetate (EtOAc p.a, Merck), n-butanol (BuOH p.a, Merck), dimethyl sulfoxide p.a, (Merck), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM/F12) powder Gibco Life Technologies, 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), 1% penisilin-streptomicin, Lipopolysaccharide LPS E. coli O111:B4 (List Biological Laboratory, Inc.), Griess Reagent Kit for Nitrite Determination G-7921 (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
8
Extraction and Analysis of Thyme and Oregano
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
The standard thymol (purity > 98%) was obtained from “Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA)”. The chromatography-grades solvents such as methanol, CY, and EtOAc were obtained from “E-Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)”. Other reagents used in extraction and method development process were of analytical grades with high purity. The commercial herbal formulation containing the extracts of T. vulgaris and O. vulgare was purchased from a local pharmacy shop in “Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia”.
9
Quantifying Antioxidant Compounds in Samples
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent was obtained from Fluka. Standards (gallic acid, caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, coumarin, rutin and kaempferol) were obtained from Merck Life Science (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). In addition, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). LC-MS grade methanol, acetonitrile, acetic acid, EtOAc, acetone and water were purchased from Merck Life Science (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). All of the other chemicals were of analytical grade and obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA).
10
Isolation and Purification of Artocarpin
Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols
+ Expand
Artocarpin was isolated from the heartwood of A. gomezianus [67 (link)]. The dried and powdered heartwood (3.8 kg) was extracted with MeOH (12 L) (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) to afford the crude MeOH extract (160 g) after removal of the solvent. This crude MeOH extract was subjected to vacuum-liquid chromatography (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) on silica gel (EtOAc and hexane, gradient) to give five fractions (A–E). Fraction C (1.3 g) was fractionated by column chromatography over silica gel eluting with a EtOAc (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and hexane (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) (gradient) and then purified by Sephadex LH-20 (MeOH) (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech AB, Uppsala, Sweden) to give artocarpin (62 mg). The artocarpin purity was determined by NMR spectroscopy (Bruker, Massachusetts, USA). Artocarpin with more than 95% purity was diluted with complete culture medium to achieve the desired concentrations. The chemical structure of artocarpin shown in Figure 1 A.
About PubCompare
Our mission is to provide scientists with the largest repository of trustworthy protocols and intelligent analytical tools, thereby offering them extensive information to design robust protocols aimed at minimizing the risk of failures.
We believe that the most crucial aspect is to grant scientists access to a wide range of reliable sources and new useful tools that surpass human capabilities.
However, we trust in allowing scientists to determine how to construct their own protocols based on this information, as they are the experts in their field.
Ready to get started?
Sign up for free.
Registration takes 20 seconds.
Available from any computer
No download required
Revolutionizing how scientists
search and build protocols!